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Topic Review
Health of Coastal Environments in the Pacific Region
Coastal areas provide important ecological services to populations accessing, for example, tourism services, fisheries, minerals and petroleum. Coastal zones worldwide are exposed to multiple stressors that threaten the sustainability of receiving environments. Assessing the health of these valuable ecosystems remains a top priority for environmental managers to ensure the key stressor sources are identified and their impacts minimized. 
  • 372
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Supervised Deep-Learning Models for Multispectral Change Detection
Remote sensing is a tool of interest for a large variety of applications. It is becoming increasingly more useful with the growing amount of available remote sensing data. The large amount of data also leads to a need for improved automated analysis. Deep learning is a natural candidate for solving this need. Change detection in remote sensing is a rapidly evolving area of interest that is relevant for a number of fields. There are a large number of publications and progress, even though the challenge is far from solved. Multispectral images are common in remote sensing and well suited for change detection purposes thanks to their good balance of spatial and spectral resolution, capturing important details. Various data sets for change detection have been openly published online and a growing number of models has been introduced in the literature, both supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised. 
  • 372
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Smart Cities and Natural Disasters
Smart Cities are cities that use technology and data to improve the quality of life for their citizens, enhance sustainability, and increase efficiency in urban services. Natural disasters refer to events that occur in nature and cause significant damage or loss of life. Smart Cities have the potential to play a significant role in preparing for and responding to natural disasters. By using technology and data to monitor and manage urban infrastructure, cities can improve their resilience and ability to respond to disasters quickly and effectively. This research explores the potential benefits of Smart Cities in enhancing resilience during natural disasters, the challenges in implementing Smart City technologies, and the solutions to overcome these challenges.
  • 372
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Remote Sensing and Monitoring of Marine Pollution
With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, human activities have caused marine pollution in three ways: land source, air source, and sea source, leading to the problem of marine environments. Remote sensing, with its wide coverage and fast and accurate monitoring capability, continues to be an important tool for marine environment monitoring and evaluation research.
  • 372
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Estimate Soil Organic Carbon from Remote Sensing
Monitoring soil organic carbon (SOC) typically assumes conducting a labor-intensive soil sampling campaign, followed by laboratory testing, which is both expensive and impractical for generating useful, spatially continuous data products. 
  • 372
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tollmann's Hypothetical Bolide
Alexander Tollmann's bolide, proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann in 1994, is a hypothesis presented by Austrian geologist Alexander Tollmann, suggesting that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth at 7640 BCE (±200), with a much smaller one at 3150 BCE (±200). If true, this hypothesis explains early Holocene extinctions and possibly legends of the Universal Deluge. The claimed evidence for the event includes stratigraphic studies of tektites, dendrochronology, and ice cores (from Camp Century, Greenland) containing hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid (indicating an energetic ocean strike) as well as nitric acids (caused by extreme heating of air). Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas in their book, Uriel's Machine, argue that the 7640 BCE evidence is consistent with the dates of formation of a number of extant salt flats and lakes in dry areas of North America and Asia. They argue that these lakes are the result remains of multiple-kilometer-high waves that penetrated deeply into continents as the result of oceanic strikes that they proposed occurred.
  • 371
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Geoethical Thinking in the Educational System of Greece
Geoethics is a relatively new and interdisciplinary field that addresses the ethical implications of the use and management of the Earth’s resources and environment. It encompasses ethical considerations related to geosciences and the environment, such as the protection of geological heritage, the management of natural resources, and the mitigation of natural hazards. Furthermore, it includes the ethical implications of the use of geotechnology, such as the use of geothermal energy and the handling of geological waste. It aims to ensure that the needs and well-being of present and future generations are considered when making decisions regarding the use and management of natural resources, including geoheritage.
  • 371
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Application of Copper-Based Antimicrobial Compounds
Copper-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) can control a wide range of plant diseases, such as grape downy mildew, citrus black spot, fire blight of pome fruits, walnut blight, potato late blight, stone fruit canker, coffee berry disease, olive leaf spot, and powdery mildew of many other crops. At present, not considering metal contaminants, CBACs are still at the forefront as the main pesticides sold in Europe.
  • 371
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Organic Agriculture affects Soil, Crop and Human Health
The underlying philosophy/hypothesis of organic farming—“healthy soils generate healthy crops which lead to healthy livestock and humans”—was first formulated by Sir Albert Howard and other organic farming pioneers. Organic crop production practices could increase the nutritional quality of food crops, the evidence now available suggests that there are nutritionally relevant composition differences between organic and conventional crops and that, overall, organic plant-foods contain higher concentrations of nutritionally desirable (phenolics, other antioxidants and/or mineral micronutrients) and lower concentrations of nutritionally undesirable chemicals (pesticide residues, cadmium, and/or Fusarium mycotoxins). However, agricultural intensification practices have reduced food quality and safety, the available evidence indicates that many “innovations” (monoculture/shorter rotations, mineral N and P fertilizers, pesticides, and short-straw cereal varieties) introduced as part of the agricultural intensification (or “green revolution”) have had negative effects on both crop health and the nutritional quality and/or safety of crops.
  • 371
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Adjustment and Renovation Policies of Old Industrial Cities
General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that China’s carbon dioxide emissions will peak before 2030, and the country will strive to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Activities related to industrial production and energy consumption are the main sources of carbon dioxide production. Vigorous promotion of carbon emission reduction in the industrial and energy fields is key to the successful implementation of new environmentally friendly development concepts, and to accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, which in turn will help achieve carbon peaking, and then carbon neutrality. The old industrial cities have made historical and significant contributions to the formation and improvement of an independent and complete industrial system and national economic system in China, and have been indispensable in the post opening-up reform era, and during the current wave of modernization.
  • 370
  • 25 Aug 2022
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