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Topic Review
Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
The precise monitoring of environmental contaminants and agricultural plant stress factors, respectively responsible for damages to our ecosystems and crop losses, has become nowadays a topic of uttermost importance. This is also highlighted by the recent introduction of the so-called "Sustainable Development Goals" of the United Nations, which aim at reducing pollutants while implementing more sustainable food production practices leading to a reduced impact on all ecosystems. In this context, the standard methods currently used in these fields represent a sub-optimal solution, being expensive, laboratory-based techniques, and typically requiring trained personnel with high expertise. Recent advances in both biotechnology and material science, have led to the emergence of new sensing (and biosensing) technologies, enabling low-cost, precise, and real-time detection. An especially interesting category of biosensors is represented by field-effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which enable the possibility of performing in-situ, continuous, selective, and sensitive measurements of a wide palette of different parameters of interest. Furthermore, bio-FETs offer the possibility of being fabricated using innovative and sustainable materials, employing various device configurations, each customized for a specific application. In the specific field of environmental and agricultural monitoring, the exploitation of these devices is particularly attractive as it paves the way to early detection and intervention strategies useful to limit, or even to completely avoid negative outcomes (such as diseases to animals or ecosystems losses). 
  • 990
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Waste to Energy Conversion Processes
Sustainable biofuel production is the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels while preserving food security and land use. The most common methods of converting organic waste into energy are biochemical methods such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation. The use of bioelectrochemical technologies such as microbial fuel cells and microbial electrochemical cells to handle organic waste have been proposed as a solution pathway to energy decarbonization.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Tea Tree Essential Oil in Hot Spring Water
The composite microcapsules of alginate/tea tree essential oil have an obvious antibacterial effect on microorganisms in hot spring water, while the composite microcapsules of alginate/chitosan have no antibacterial effect in hot spring water. When the concentration of the cross-linking agent is fixed, the longer the cross-linking time is (10 min > 5 min > 1 min), the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is. When the cross-linking time is fixed, the higher the concentration of the cross-linking agent (1 M > 0.5 M > 0.1 M) and the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is. When the concentration of the cross-linking agent and the cross-linking time are fixed, the higher the metal activity of the cross-linking agent (Ca > Zn) is and the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is.
  • 429
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Malaysia Waste Management Practices
The three main municipalities of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Melaka, were discussed in their actions in household waste management practices and strategies in social, economy, information technology, and governance to achieve success for a better sustainability of the environment.
  • 3.2K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Tourism in Fiji
The tourism industry has evolved as a major contributor to economic development and employment creation globally. Over the past seven decades, the tourism industry has experienced growth in both developed and developing countries. Although tourism has significant economic benefits, it often compromises environmental quality. Thus, tourism sustainability becomes an important element in managing the industry. Tourism sustainability has emerged as a leading policy paradigm and is important because tourism is a significant contributor to carbon emissions worldwide.
  • 3.1K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Olive Oil Wastewater Management
Olive oil production processes usually generate large amounts of high load polluted wastewater known as Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), locally known as “Zibar”. Most of these olive oil-producing processes are found in the Mediterranean countries, where olive trees are planted to produce both olives and olive oil.
  • 998
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sunflower Crop Rotation's Biophysical Impact on Agricultural Fields
Crop rotation is an important determining factor of crop productivity. Sustainable agriculture requires correct rules of crop rotation. Failure to comply with these rules can lead to deterioration of soil biochemical characteristics and land degradation.
  • 566
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Landsat 8 and Landsat 9
With the launch of Landsat 9 in September 2021, an optimal opportunity for in-flight cross-calibration occurred when Landsat 9 flew underneath Landsat 8 while being moved into its final orbit. Since the two instruments host nearly identical imaging systems, the underfly event offered ideal cross-calibration conditions. Using the underfly imagery collected by the instruments to estimate cross-calibration parameters for Landsat 9 for a calibration update scheduled at the end of the on-orbit initial verification (OIV) period was studied. Three types of uncertainty were considered: geometric, spectral, and angular (bidirectional reflectance distribution function—BRDF). Differences caused by geometric uncertainty were found to be negligible for this application. 
  • 3.4K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change on Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in Zimbabwe
Smallholder irrigation schemes (SISs) have been portrayed as a panacea to climate change adaptation. However, there is an emerging discourse that established schemes are becoming vulnerable to increased climate variability and change, particularly increased water stress. The change in climate experienced world-wide already has negative implications for 21st-century agriculture in Zimbabwe. There is mounting evidence that large investments have been made in Zimbabwe’s SISs in an attempt to depart from rain-fed agriculture through judicious harnessing of available water resources. However, there is rising concern about the need to build the resilience of these schemes to protect investments in light of a more variable climate. 
  • 836
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Efficiency of the Chinese Cement Industry
China’s cement production has been the highest in the world, but the extensive development model, which has been formed for a long time, has brought serious damage to the natural environment. The overall environmental efficiency of China’s cement industry is low, and there is still much room for improvement. Moreover, there are serious imbalances from very low to very high between different regions.
  • 669
  • 31 May 2022
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