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Topic Review
Bioconversion of Starch Base Food Waste into Bioethanol
Food wastes are organic wastes or biodegradables. They are generated from various sources such as restaurants and cafeterias, industrial sectors, commercial and domestic kitchens, food processing plants, and other areas where a large number of people consume food. The global demand for fuel keeps increasing daily. The massive depletion of fossil fuels and their influence on the environment as pollution is a severe problem. Meanwhile, food waste disposal is also a complex problem in solid-waste management since one-third of every food consumed is discarded as waste. The standard waste management methods, including food waste incineration and landfilling, are considered hazardous to the environment. Food waste constituents are majorly starch-based and contain various biomolecules, including sugar, lipids, proteins, vitamins, cellulose, etc. These polysaccharides can be hydrolysed into monosaccharides such as glucose, which can then be fermented using microorganisms to produce ethanol through the fermenting of sugars derived from enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of food wastes. The human food system is rich in starch, which can be a potential resource for bioethanol production.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
In the face of a changing climate, intensive efforts are needed for limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C. Agricultural production has the potential to play an important role in mitigating climate change. It is necessary to optimize all of the agricultural practices that have high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
  • 506
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Water Footprint of Forest and Orchard Trees
The measurement of water consumption by trees is fundamental for detecting potential opportunities to mitigate water resource depletion. The water footprint (WF) is a tool to address the environmental effects related to water use, identifying ways to reduce overall water consumption.
  • 408
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Valorization of Sugarcane Waste from Sugarcane Processing
Sugarcane is a lignocellulosic crop and the juice extracted from its stalks provides the raw material for 86% of sugar production. Globally, sugarcane processing to obtain sugar and/or ethanol generates more than 279 million tons of solid and liquid waste annually, as well as by-products; namely, straws, bagasse, press mud, wastewater, ash from bagasse incineration, vinasse from ethanol distillation, and molasses. If not properly managed, this waste will pose risks to both environmental factors and human health. Valorization of waste has gained momentum, having an important contribution to the fulfillment of policies and objectives related to sustainable development and circular bioeconomy. Various technologies are well-established and implemented for the valorization of waste and by-products from sugarcane processing, while other innovative technologies are still in the research and development stage, with encouraging prospects.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Municipal Wastewater
The presence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in the environment is increasing and requires the development of technologies for their effective removal. EOCs can be classified into a wide variety of groups depending on their chemical structures and end uses. A popular group of EOCs are pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). The growing use of PhACs is leading to persistence and prolonged exposure of these compounds in the environment, which may eventually affect the enzymatic and metabolic mechanisms of living organisms.
  • 558
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Small-Scale Urban Green Infrastructure
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) such as green roofs, green facades, public parks, urban forests, urban wetlands, and unmanaged green sites, provide nature-based solutions (NBS) that offer a promising avenue for climate change adaptation in cities to reduce the negative environmental impacts of urbanization, such as the urban heat island effect and altered precipitation patterns. UGI supports a wide range of ES at different spatial levels including but not limited to provisioning (e.g., food, and freshwater), regulating (e.g., urban temperature regulations, noise reduction, air purification, pollination, runoff mitigation, and waste treatment), socio-cultural (tourism, recreation, cognitive development, social cohesion), and supporting (e.g., habitat for biodiversity diversity), with fewer documented health benefits (e.g., good health, mortality). 
  • 721
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Stage Sn-Polymetallic Mineralization
South Hunan, an important component of the Nanling polymetallic metallogenic belt, experienced a fairly long history of polycyclic tectonic evolution with multiple magmatic and hydrothermal events, during which a series of tungsten-tin polymetallic ore fields/deposits (e.g., Huangshaping, Shizhuyuan, Xitian, Xianghualing) were formed.
  • 257
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin System in Virtual Participation
Public participation is crucial in promoting built environment quality. Most studies on built environment participatory projects primarily use physical models (i.e., physical replicas) or 2D maps as tools to interact with the general public. The digital twin model and physical replicas have the common ground of simulating built environment changes and, therefore, assisting the decision-making process in environment optimization.
  • 476
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methane to Methanol
Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be transformed into added-value hydrocarbon feedstocks through suitable reactions. The conversion of methane to methanol with a higher chemical value has recently attracted much attention. The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is often considered a “holy grail” reaction in catalysis. However, methanol production through the thermal catalytic process is thermodynamically and economically unfavorable due to its high energy consumption, low catalyst stability, and complex reactor maintenance. Photocatalytic technology offers great potential to carry out unfavorable reactions under mild conditions. Many in-depth studies have been carried out on the photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol. 
  • 631
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pyrolysis of Biosolids to Produce Biochars
Biochar is a solid, charcoal material that can be used in different applications such as its use in agriculture as a soil enhancer in which moisture content is sustained for long periods of times. Biosolids or biosludges will refer to any form of sludge that has undergone some form of treatment (e.g., chemical, biological, heat treatment, etc.) in order to transform it into a less hazardous and organic form. More importantly, there seems to be an inconsistency in defining what classifies as biosolids, hence, a unified definition is established and provided. The aim is to enable the scientific community as a whole to use a standard definition that allows for synergies to take place. Specifically, the pyrolysis process is selected and is known as a thermochemical technique in which heat and an oxygen-free environment facilitate the decomposition of the feedstock into different products, depending on the operating parameters.
  • 684
  • 14 Sep 2022
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