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Topic Review
Shelter in Place
Shelter in place (also known as a Shelter In-Place Warning, SAME code SPW) is to seek safety within the building one already occupies, rather than to evacuate the area or seek a community emergency shelter. The American Red Cross says the warning is issued when "chemical, biological, or radiological contaminants may be released accidentally or intentionally into the environment" and residents should "select a small, interior room, with no or few windows, taking refuge there."
  • 671
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Influencer Engagement on Social Media
The interactive capabilities of social media (SM) can provide a conceptual parallel to the conversational nature underlying the concept of engagement. For example, SM users’ interactions with specific brands are concrete manifestations of engagement marked by varying degrees of affective and/or cognitive and/or behavioral investment.
  • 673
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Internationalization of Emerging and Developed Countries’ SMEs
The topic focuses on the tension between SMEs’ growth and sustainability in emerging and developed Countries’ Internationalization: and presents a conceptual model of this process   Economic growth is a priority in many developing countries in the drive to eradicate inequality and poverty, but elevated levels of economic growth are regarded as inimical to climate preservation and sustainability. The continuing depletion of natural resources and industrial pollution has led to increasing global pressure and government policies aimed at reducing climate deterioration. Advocates of ’strong sustainability’ are concentrated in the economically developed world, while developing countries have a greater need for economic growth and advocate weaker forms of sustainability where economic development, the promotion of employment and eradication of poverty take precedence over climate preservation concerns. Extant internationalization literature does not provide an integrated model of sustainable internationalization. (i.e., the relative emphasis of human and natural capital in contextual and universal factors in the internationalization process of developing and developed countries).To address this underexplored research gap a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic convenience sample of South African SMEs using a mixed methods approach, and a secondary data eclectic analysis of developed and developing countries’ SME internationalization using a comparative multiple-case design, were adopted in this study. 
  • 670
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Dual Cycle Development Pattern
China has proposed a dual cycle development pattern. The dual cycle is primarily based on the domestic large-scale cycle. Under the circumstance of high uncertainty in the external environment, the domestic industrial base is strong, the industrial chain is complete, and the strategic maneuvering space is large. The characteristics of the super large market scale, smooth production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and other aspects of economic operation promote the realization of internal self-circulation, including supply and demand circulation, industrial circulation, regional circulation, urban and rural circulation, and factor circulation. 
  • 670
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Undue Influence
Undue influence (UI) is a psychological process by which a person's free will is supplanted by that of another. It is a legal term and the strict definition varies by jurisdiction. Generally speaking, it is a means by which a person gains control over their victim's decision making through tactics and unfair pressure, typically for financial gain. Historically, UI has been poorly understood, even in legal circles. Undue influence occurs behind closed doors and there are often no witnesses. UI is typically perpetrated by a person trusted by the victim and is dependent on them for emotional and physical needs. Anyone may be guilty of undue influence and is often a paid or unpaid caregiver, but may also be an attorney, accountant, nursing home attendant, neighbor, or even the victims' children. Undue influence is a process, not a single event; the influencer may spend weeks, months, or even years "grooming" and manipulating their victim. Anyone is susceptible to undue influence, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable. A distinction is made between the nature of capacity and undue influence. In assessing capacity, the practitioner evaluates an individual's ability to competently perform tasks (e.g., execute a will or give medical consent). These assessments give insight to the functioning of the cognitive capabilities at that moment in time. Conversely, screening for undue influence is focused on the process of events which occur over an extended period. To determine whether another person is leveraging unfair tactics on the victim, an assessment particular to undue influence is required. Undue influence occurs in various circumstances including: domestic violence, hostage situations, cults, prisoners of war, and dictatorships. The common theme among these situations is the aspect of psychological manipulation. Traumatic bonding occurs between the victim and the influencer, as a result, victims are unaware they're being manipulated and will often defend the perpetrator. Gaining independence from the influencer is required if the victim is to recover from the effects of UI, much like victim's of Stockholm syndrome, cults, and kidnapping. The effectiveness of cult tactics on young and healthy individuals illustrates that anyone, regardless of mental status, is a potential victim of UI under certain circumstances. Elderly Americans are living longer, and with this increased life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive disorders associated with advanced age has also increased. A significant concentration of wealth is controlled by this aging demographic. As modern families become more complex and dispersed, and people are living longer, the likelihood of will contests involving undue influence is expected to increase.
  • 669
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Digital Currency
Digital currency has disrupted the financial industry since 2008 with its ability to offer peer-to-peer, faster, cheaper, more secure, more convenient, and efficient payment systems that can outpace traditional banking systems. Today, digital currencies are recognized as alternative methods of currency exchange and are used in many financial transactions, with people using digital currencies for profitable investment.
  • 668
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
High-Quality Gastronomy for Tourism Offer
Food has evolved from a basic necessity to a primary motivation for travel. While providing a high-quality gastronomic offer is still a restaurant’s primary function, quality is no longer enough; today’s demanding guests seek unique and memorable dining experiences. A restaurant’s competences play a significant role in shaping the guests’ overall perception of the quality and derived perceived value, both of which ultimately impact the competitiveness of both the restaurant and the gastronomic destination. 
  • 668
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Consumption and Circular Economy
Sustainable consumption is a key concept in society and the environment due to its direct relationship with sustainable development; its importance lies in the decoupling of consumption and economic growth with environmental damage and its involvement with various behavioral disciplines and ecological concepts. 
  • 667
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Supply Chain Resilience on SMEs’ Performance
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in every economy, and limited studies have highlighted the significance of resilience in the firms. To determine the impact of supply chain resilience on SMEs’ performance in Saudi Arabia based on three dimensions of resilience, namely agility, robustness, and flexibility.
  • 668
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Evolution of U.S. Equity Trading Venues
The modern U.S. equity market has been evolving from floor trading by brokers who read the ticker tape and bid on offer to purely electric trading coded into computer algorithms. This entry briefly overviews the evolution of the U.S. equity venues and discusses the consequences of market fragmentation from theoretical and empirical perspectives.
  • 667
  • 01 Dec 2021
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