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Topic Review
Reverse Logistics
Reverse logistics is a term commonly used to describe the management of end-of-life products, and mostly refers to the terms reduce, reuse, remanufacture, and recycle. Reduce is a term that refers to waste reduction in manufacturing and the packaging of products. The term reuse refers to the return of an unused product to the manufacturer in order to put the product back into use. The term remanufacture refers to a process of repairing, restoring, or overhauling products to extend their lifespan. Recycle refers to a process in which any component of a product that contains a certain value is returned to the manufacturer. RL should be designed outside the company and should not be limited by waste collection and recycling actions, but other activities should also be included to preserve the value and usefulness of materials for the longest possible period, which would make significant gains for the company’s value chain. Implementing RL helps reduce production waste and helps companies make a profit.
  • 652
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Corporate Governance, Financial Innovation and Performance
In recent years, the rapid development of digital technology has prompted changes in the business model of banks. The business model has shifted from conventional physical bank branches to internet banking and then to mobile banking. During 2011–2019, the banks have higher shareholding of institutional investors, ratio of independent directors, rate of directors’ attendance, average education level of directors and ratio of directors with a financial or accounting background, the greater innovative financial services offered by banks. After 2015, the influence of corporate governance on banks’ innovative financial services has increased. Moreover, the greater financial innovation services, the higher the bank profitability and value, especially after 2015. Finally, offering more innovative financial services can enhance the value of financial-holding subsidiary banks; by contrast, doing the same might negatively affect the profitability of nonfinancial-holding banks.
  • 651
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Organizational Self-Management
Organizational Self-management, also referred to as Workers' Self-management, Labor Management and Autogestión (see also workers' control, industrial democracy, democratic management and worker cooperative), is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce. Self-management is a characteristic of many forms of socialism, with proposals for Self-management having appeared many times throughout the history of the socialist movement, advocated variously by libertarian and market socialists, communists and anarchists. There are many variations of Self-management. In some variants, all the worker-members manage the enterprise directly through assemblies while in other forms workers exercise management functions indirectly through the election of specialist managers. Self-management may include worker supervision and oversight of an organization by elected bodies, the election of specialized managers, or self-directed management without any specialized managers as such. The goals of self-management are to improve performance by granting workers greater autonomy in their day-to-day operations, boosting morale, reducing alienation and eliminating exploitation when paired with employee ownership. An enterprise that is self-managed is referred to as a labour-managed firm. Self-management refers to control rights within a productive organization, being distinct from the questions of ownership and what economic system the organization operates under. Self-management of an organization may coincide with employee ownership of that organization, but Self-management can also exist in the context of organizations under public ownership and to a limited extent within private companies in the form of co-determination and worker representation on the board of directors.
  • 649
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CSR during a Pandemic
With corporate social responsibility (CSR) now a major part of many business practices, the airline industry is under growing pressure to provide a clean, safe, and reliable transportation service to their employees and passengers. However, the recent COVID-19 pandemic posed new CSR challenges for an industry struggling to stay viable. By October 2020, the World Health Organization confirmed 30 million cases of COVID-19 and more than one million deaths worldwide. Given that researchers have shown that influenza-type diseases can spread rapidly on aircraft, airlines prioritized reliable health and safety protocols to reduce exposure to significant risks of infection by flight attendants and passengers. However, such activities require significant financial investment. Not surprisingly, the pandemic hit the airline industry hard with canceled flights, staff layoffs, and new hygiene practices for cabin crews. To make matters worse, many flight attendants were furloughed. As airlines neared bankruptcy, the industry explored ways to reduce costs, modify CSR activities (e.g., environmentally sustainable commitment), and overcome unprecedented challenges such as protecting employees and passengers against novel viruses. As they attempt to avoid bankruptcy, airlines may struggle to balance CSR activities with business viability, at least in the short term.
  • 648
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Brand Image in Loyalty of Heritage Tourism
Heritage tourism has become a burgeoning area of research, as it was found to help promote economic growth and regional development, and enhance social identity and heritage conservation. The term “heritage” is often assigned the role of carrier of historical value of the cultural elements of a society, and as such heritage is seen as a strong attraction for tourists; it may refer to tangible elements including historical buildings, art works and landscapes or intangible elements involving the distinctive ways of life and experience of spaces perceived by the visitors as heritage. The latter perspective leads to diversification of heritage and expands to non-traditional areas as industrial production, historical theme parks, restaurants, and seaside resorts. Loyalty has been widely examined in the context of cultural tourism.
  • 647
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Neural Network
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are known to be able to provide an abnormal return by using technical indicators as predictors in stock markets. The ANN, as a deep learning (DL)  technique is used to recognize patterns or images by imitating the visual processing of living organisms.
  • 646
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Orientation Motivated Green Supply Chain Management Practices
ndustrial leaders are under pressure to develop greater environmental responsibility due to the increase in global pressure from stakeholders in terms of climatic change and its implications. Greening efforts by manufacturing firms to develop environmentally friendly products, systems, technologies, processes, and business practices have become popular due to growing societal awareness of the environment. According to, green supply chain management, sustainable supply chain management, and environmentally sustainable supply chain management are interlinked and contribute towards goal achievement by minimizing the adverse effects of the firm’s operations on the environment. Similarly, also state that the interlinkage of environmental management with the supply chain is critical in sustaining corporate development. The supply chain aims to reduce emissions. At present, the trade-offs in the supply chain are quality, carbon, cost, and service. For two reasons, the supply chain is critical to greening manufacturers. To begin with, the supply chain has a close interaction with the natural environment since it deals with the materials needed for manufacturing. Second, the supply chain’s purchasing practices can affect the manufacturing suppliers’ environmental perceptions and capabilities. For successful green supply chain management, resource allocation and organizational structures are significant contributors to sustainable corporate social reputation and brand building. 
  • 646
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dual Cycle Development Pattern
China has proposed a dual cycle development pattern. The dual cycle is primarily based on the domestic large-scale cycle. Under the circumstance of high uncertainty in the external environment, the domestic industrial base is strong, the industrial chain is complete, and the strategic maneuvering space is large. The characteristics of the super large market scale, smooth production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and other aspects of economic operation promote the realization of internal self-circulation, including supply and demand circulation, industrial circulation, regional circulation, urban and rural circulation, and factor circulation. 
  • 646
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Digital Currency
Digital currency has disrupted the financial industry since 2008 with its ability to offer peer-to-peer, faster, cheaper, more secure, more convenient, and efficient payment systems that can outpace traditional banking systems. Today, digital currencies are recognized as alternative methods of currency exchange and are used in many financial transactions, with people using digital currencies for profitable investment.
  • 644
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
The Internationalization of Emerging and Developed Countries’ SMEs
The topic focuses on the tension between SMEs’ growth and sustainability in emerging and developed Countries’ Internationalization: and presents a conceptual model of this process   Economic growth is a priority in many developing countries in the drive to eradicate inequality and poverty, but elevated levels of economic growth are regarded as inimical to climate preservation and sustainability. The continuing depletion of natural resources and industrial pollution has led to increasing global pressure and government policies aimed at reducing climate deterioration. Advocates of ’strong sustainability’ are concentrated in the economically developed world, while developing countries have a greater need for economic growth and advocate weaker forms of sustainability where economic development, the promotion of employment and eradication of poverty take precedence over climate preservation concerns. Extant internationalization literature does not provide an integrated model of sustainable internationalization. (i.e., the relative emphasis of human and natural capital in contextual and universal factors in the internationalization process of developing and developed countries).To address this underexplored research gap a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic convenience sample of South African SMEs using a mixed methods approach, and a secondary data eclectic analysis of developed and developing countries’ SME internationalization using a comparative multiple-case design, were adopted in this study. 
  • 644
  • 25 Apr 2022
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