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Topic Review
Polyurethanes and Green Chemistry
Polyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, vegetable oils, polyphenols, or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology. The use of these natural substrates is in line with the principles of green chemistry. However, other principles among all 12 can also be used in the production of polyurethanes.
  • 786
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Poor Air Quality in Urban Settings
Poor air quality (PAQ) is a global concern, especially in urban areas, and is often seen as an important element of social sustainability given its negative impact on health and quality of life. Smoke, odour and dust particles were perceived to be the most important indicators of PAQ, while the main sources of PAQ were waste and bush burning, vehicle use and power generators. The two most preferred control measures were proper waste management and the avoidance of bush burning. 
  • 472
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Popular Culture
Popular culture refers to the set of ideas, practices, images, and phenomena that are prevalent and widely accepted within a society at a given point in time. It encompasses various aspects of daily life, including entertainment, fashion, music, sports, and technology, reflecting the shared interests and preferences of the general public. Popular culture is dynamic and evolves over time, influenced by social, political, and technological developments, making it a key area of study within the realm of social science.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Population and Housing Censuses by Country
This is a list of national population and housing censuses.
  • 667
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Population Projections
Population projections serve various actors at sub-national, national, and international levels as a quantitative basis for political and economic decision-making. Often, the users are no experts in statistics or forecasting and therefore lack the methodological and demographic background to completely understand the methods and limitations behind the projections they use for their analyses. Our contribution primarily targets that readership.
  • 743
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Population Shrinkage Affect Economic Resilience
The term ‘resilience’ originates from physics, engineering and ecology. Resilience emphasizes the ability of a system to maintain stability and to gradually recover to its original state in the face of external interference. Later, this concept evolved to include economic resilience after being introduced into economics and geography; now, resilience has become a new research hot spot.
  • 431
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Port City Sustainability
In resent years, with the development of society, the sustainability of port cities is increasingly valued. Port cities face huge challenges, and their sustainability needs to be better understood.
  • 920
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Portugal Gender Equality and Modernity
The transformations related to the modernisation of Portuguese society triggered by the implementation of democracy did not fully accommodate gender equality. In particular, when we consider the areas where the most progress has been made in keeping with a broadly shared urge for modernisation, education and science; whereas women have contributed to boosting the Portuguese population’s level of education, thus inverting the worst legacy of the dictatorship and developing scientific research, gender inequalities are still visible in highly qualified professions. 
  • 617
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Positioning Theory in Education
Positioning theory is a social theorization that aims to capture the dynamic analysis of conversations and discourses taking place in a social setting. Conversations as part of language assume interlocutors. As one engages in the interactive speech acts in the social setting, there comes the importance of interlocutors involved in these speech acts in creating a social reality, as language forms the knowledge of reality. Certain types of rights and duties can be observed in interactions between speakers and hearers in a social communicative context of interlocutors. The cluster of rights and duties, recognized in a certain social setting, can be termed as a position. One of the critical aspects is that positions are not always intentional or even conscious. Therefore, positioning theory has been redefined as a method of analysis with a focus on storylines. Storylines reveal implicit ascriptions and resistances of rights and duties through the performance of a variety of actions in a social setting where appropriateness of social acts are established and recognized by the participants engaged within the social situation. The education setting presents a dynamic situation where a variety of moral orders come into actions that set possibilities for different actors to engage in shifting positioning to accomplish certain educational actions. This entry presents the use of positioning theory in an educational setting.
  • 751
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of two 10-item scales to measure both positive and negative affect. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). The measure has been used mainly as a research tool in group studies, but can be utilized within clinical and non-clinical populations as well. Shortened, elongated, and children's versions of the PANAS have been developed, taking approximately 5–10 minutes to complete. Clinical and non-clinical studies have found the PANAS to be a reliable and valid instrument in the assessment of positive and negative affect.
  • 832
  • 28 Oct 2022
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