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Topic Review
Paleolibertarianism
Paleolibertarianism is a variety of libertarianism developed by anarcho-capitalist theorists Murray Rothbard and Llewellyn Rockwell that combines conservative cultural values and social philosophy with a libertarian opposition to government intervention.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pan-Islamism
Pan-Islamism (Arabic: الوحدة الإسلامية) is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic country or state – often a caliphate – or an international organization with Islamic principles. Pan-Islamism was launched in Turkey at the end of the 19th century by Sultan Abdul-Hamid II for the purpose of combating the process of westernization and fostering the unification of Islam. Pan-Islamism differentiates itself from pan-nationalistic ideologies, for example Pan-Arabism, by seeing the ummah (Muslim community) as the focus of allegiance and mobilization, excluding ethnicity and race as primary unifying factors. The major leaders of the Pan-Islamist movement were the triad of Jamal al-Din Afghani (1839 - 1897), Muhammad Abduh (1849 - 1905) and Sayyid Rashid Rida (1865 - 1935); who were active in anti-colonial efforts to confront European penetration of Muslim lands. They also sought to strengthen Islamic unity, which they believed to be the strongest force to mobilize Muslims against imperial domination. Following Ibn Saud's conquest of Arabian Peninsula; pan-Islamism would be bolstered across the Islamic World. During the second half of the twentieth century; pan-Islamists would compete against secular nationalist ideologies in the Arab World such as Nasserism.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pandemic, Service in Rural Households and the Rural Environment
Tourism is sensitive to all kinds of crises caused by natural disasters: infectious diseases, conflicts, energy losses, economic and political instability, etc. There is a large number of studies that deal with the negative consequences that the pandemic has had on tourism, and destruction of large tourist centers, but few of them have recorded the opposite effect or the importance of the expansion of visits to villages in that period, or saw the rural setting as an advantage to encourage investing in the quality of rural services recovery. The search for solutions to overcome the crisis in the tourism sector is an acute problem and focuses on changing the direction of tourism and its sustainable approach, and also focuses on mutual benefits for non-agricultural activities.
  • 212
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Panic Buying
This entry reviews some of the social psychological factors that influence the spread of panic buying. They include social influence and social trust. For a more comprehensive review of the causes of panic buying, refer to creator's publication below [1].
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Panniculitis in Children
Panniculitides comprise a heterogenous group of inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In children, these disorders are rare but can be difficult to diagnose.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Panopticism
Panopticism is a social theory named after the Panopticon, originally developed by French philosopher Michel Foucault in his book Discipline and Punish. The "panopticon" refers to an experimental laboratory of power in which behaviour could be modified, and Foucault viewed the panopticon as a symbol of the disciplinary society of surveillance.
  • 12.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pantisocracy
Pantisocracy (from the Greek πᾶν and ἰσοκρατία meaning "equal or level government by/for all") was a utopian scheme devised in 1794 by, among others, the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey for an egalitarian community. It is a system of government where all rule equally. They originally intended to establish such a community in the United States, choosing a site on the banks of the Susquehanna River after considering other places such as Kentucky. By 1795 Southey had doubts about the viability of this and proposed moving the project to Wales. The two men were unable to agree on the location, causing the project to collapse. Others involved included the poet Robert Lovell and three of the Fricker sisters, Sara, Edith and Mary, who married the three poets, and George Burnett (who proposed unsuccessfully to another Fricker sister, Martha). Their friend Thomas Poole was not part of the scheme but considered moving to somewhere nearby, writing:
  • 537
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Paradigm Shift
A paradigm shift refers to a fundamental change in the underlying assumptions, beliefs, or frameworks that guide a particular field of knowledge or practice. It represents a transformative departure from established models of thought, leading to a reevaluation of existing principles and often opening new avenues for understanding and problem-solving within that domain.
  • 909
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Paraguayan Civil War (1922)
The Paraguayan Civil War (1922), took place between 27 May 1922 and 10 July 1923, within the borders of Paraguay. It started when supporters of candidate Adolfo Chirife attempted to forcefully restore the implementation of presidential elections canceled by President Eusebio Ayala. Chirife represented the so-called Constitutionalist or Schaererist side ideologically supporting liberal politician Eduardo Schaerer, while troops under Ayala were named Loyalists or Gondrists ideologically pledging allegiance to former President Manuel Gondra. The conflict concluded when Gondrist forces defeated the remnants of the Schaererist army in Asunción.
  • 408
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Paraphilia
Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. There is no scientific consensus for any precise border between unusual sexual interests and paraphilic ones. There is debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The number and taxonomy of paraphilia is under debate; one source lists as many as 549 types of paraphilia. The DSM-5 has specific listings for eight paraphilic disorders. Several sub-classifications of the paraphilias have been proposed, and some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2022
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