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References

1. e.g. [Quran 21:91] http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D21%3Averse%3D91
2. e.g. Sahih al-Bukhari Vol. 9, Book 92, Hadith 384
3. Denny, F.M., “Umma”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 19 June 2020
4. Watt, W. Montgomery (1972). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
5. Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah by al-Mawardi, Chapter 1
6. Fauzan, Ahmad. "Leadership Character According To Imam Al-Mawardi And Its Relevance In Indonesia: The Study Of The Book Of Al-Ahkam As-Sulthaniyyah." JURNAL PENELITIAN (2018): 39-50.
7. Mansor, Wan Naim Wan. "Abu Hasan al-Mawardi: The First Islamic Political Scientist." (2015): 1-8.
8. Gökkir, Necmettin. "Muslim Community/Ummah in Changing Society: Re-Contextualization of the Qur'an in Political Context." Hemispheres 24 (2009): 29.
9. Akram, Ejaz. "Muslim Ummah and its link with transnational Muslim politics." Islamic studies (2007): 402.
10. Kirabaev, Nur, and Maythem Al-Janabi. "Political Philosophy of Al-Ghazali." 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019.
11. Ghazali, Fadiah al-Batinyah wa Fadail al-Mustazhariyah
12. Andalusi, Abdullah (22 September 2017). "Imam Ghazali's Movement for the Unification of the Ummah & Caliphate". https://abdullahalandalusi.com/2017/09/22/imam-ghazalis-movements-for-the-unification-of-the-ummah-caliphate-a-reply-to-mufti-abu-layth-and-secularists/#_edn5. 
13. Lambton, Ann KS. State and government in medieval Islam. Routledge, 2013.
14. George Saliba (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, pp. 245, 250, 256–257. New York University Press, ISBN:0-8147-8023-7.
15. Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014) (in en). Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9781783475728. 
16. Aydin, Cemil (2017). "Chapter 1: An Imperial Ummah Before the Nineteenth Century". The Idea of the Muslim World. Cambridge, Massachusetts, & London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780674050372. ""Three leading renewal advocates— Shah Wali Allah of Delhi (1702–1763), the Najdi Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792), and the Nigerian Uthman dan Fodio (1755–1816)—are often considered originators of pan-Islamism.... these disparate three were not especially concerned with the global situation of Islam or an imagined Muslim world. They didn’t respond to European empires encroaching in the Indian Ocean and on African coasts. They didn’t elaborate pan-Islamic ideas about the Western threat or attempt to formulate an essentialist global Islam. They also did not have any global impact.... their ideas and influence should be understood in their particular contexts of West Africa, Arabia, and South Asia"" 
17. Al-Rasheed, Kersten, Shterin, Madawi, Carol, Marat; Hartung, Jan-Peter (2015). "3: Who Speaks of What Caliphate?: The Indian Khilafat Movement and its Aftermath". Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82. ISBN 978-0-19-932795-9. 
18. World Book Encyclopedia, 2018 ed., s.v. "Muslims"
19. such as by a contemporary English admirer, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, (see: Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt (London: Unwin, 1907), p. 100.)
20. Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”: A Political Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 225–226.
21. American Oriental Society (1843). "Journal of the American Oriental Society" (in English). Journal of the American Oriental Society. ISSN 0003-0279. OCLC 47785421. https://www.worldcat.org/title/journal-of-the-american-oriental-society/oclc/47785421. 
22. Motadel, David (2014). Islam and the European Empires. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 184–187. ISBN 978-0-19-966831-1. 
23. Motadel, David (2014). Islam and the European Empires. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 175, 187, 190, 197. ISBN 978-0-19-966831-1. 
24. Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge Publishers. p. 23. ISBN 0-203-57276-9. 
25. M. Bennett, Andrew (2013). "Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World". Pace International Law Review Online (PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW) 3 (10): 344–345. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=pilronline. 
26. M. Seikaly, Samir (2009). "1- Appropriating the Past: Twentieth-century Reconstruction of Pre-Modern Islamic Thought". Configuring Identity in the Modern Arab East. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut Press. pp. 24. ISBN 978-9953-9019-6-1. 
27. Achcar, Gilbert (2010). The Arabs and the Holocaust:The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives. 26 Westbourne Grove, London w2 5RH, UK: Actes Sud. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-86356-835-0. 
28. Saler, Michael; Hanssen, Jens (2015). "17: The Middle East". The Fin-De-Siècle World. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. pp. 275. ISBN 978-0-415-67413-3. 
29. (in en) Shaykh al Fawzān Warns Against The Books of Sayyid Quṭb | Shaykh Ṣāliḥ al Fawzān, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOvKL2-BNIw, retrieved 2021-05-19 
30. "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/. 
31. "Archived copy". http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf. 
32. Jebara, Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad. "Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism". Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism. 
33. "Nationalism vs Islam". Al Jazeera. 18 February 2008. http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/arabunity/2008/02/200852519420197834.html. 
34. H. Rizvi (15 January 1993). Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-230-37984-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5SiHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71. 
35. H. Rizvi (15 January 1993). Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-230-37984-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5SiHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71. 
36. H. Rizvi (15 January 1993). Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-230-37984-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5SiHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71. 
37. Farmer, Brian R. (2007). Understanding Radical Islam: Medieval Ideology in the Twenty-first Century. Peter Lang. p. 83. ISBN 9780820488431. https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQ0hhu8l7IC&q=al-banna+on+caliphate&pg=PA83. Retrieved 29 December 2016. 
38. Khomeini stated that Muslims should be "united and stand firmly against Western and arrogant powers."[43] "Establishing the Islamic state world-wide belong to the great goals of the revolution."[44] He declared the birth week of Muhammad (the week between 12th to 17th of Rabi' al-awwal) as the Unity week. Then he declared the last Friday of Ramadan as International Day of Quds in 1981.[45]
39. " ... the imperialist at the end of World War I divided the Ottoman State, creating in its territories about ten or fifteen petty states. Then each of these was entrusted to one of their servants or a group .... In order to assure the unity of the Islamic ummah, ... it is imperative that we establish a government ... The formation of such a government will serve to preserve the disciplined unity of the Muslims .... "[46]
40. Khomeini, Ruhollah, Islam and Revolution, Mizan Press, p.59
41. Hizb-ut-Tahrir's Growing Appeal in the Arab World Jamestown Foundation http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370234
42. [1] Erbakan currency
43. [2] D8 History