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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Applications of Delphi Method in Policy and Planning
In participatory planning, fostering authentic dialogue among diverse stakeholders is paramount. Such dialogue not only facilitates information exchange but also promotes mutual understanding and trust, leading to consensus. Initially developed in the 1950s, the Delphi technique was designed to facilitate agreement among experts regarding future forecasts. Known as ‘classical Delphi’, this original form aims to organize group interactions in a way that minimizes the drawbacks commonly associated with face-to-face discussions, such as biases related to authority, hasty conclusions, and inflexibility in initial viewpoints.
287
03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Building Participative E-Governance in Smart Cities
The successful implementation of institutional and technological innovation is critical for the effective execution of e-governance in smart cities.
499
03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Subjective Well-Being, Social Comparisons, and Social Networking Sites
Social networks are gaining widespread popularity, with Instagram currently being the most intensively used network. On these platforms, users are continuously exposed to self-relevant information that fosters social comparisons.
334
02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Peer Reviewed
Disinformation Perception by Digital and Social Audiences: Threat Awareness, Decision-Making and Trust in Media Organizations
The effects of disinformation in the media and social networks have been extensively studied from the perspective of reception studies. However, the perception of this media phenomenon expressed by different types of audiences in distant geographic locations and with different media cultures has hardly been addressed by experts. This theoretical review study aims to analyze the relationship between the actual level of disinformation and the perception expressed by the audiences themselves. The results of the study reveal, firstly, that users of social networks and digital media do not perceive being surrounded by an excessively worrying volume of disinformation, a fact that contrasts with the data recorded, which are visibly higher. This situation reveals that the audience tends to normalize disinformation, which is intensively consumed on a daily basis and does not seem to worry the public in general terms, although some differences can be detected depending on variables such as gender, age or education. On the other hand, paradoxically, audiences visibly express rejection attitudes towards the channels that disseminate false information, with media outlets being the least trusted, despite recognizing that social networks are the place where more disinformation is generated and circulated at the same time.
791
02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Peer Reviewed
Residential Segregation
Residential segregation refers to the disproportionate distribution of population groups across a geographical area. Groups can be segregated on the basis of any characteristic (such as occupation, income, religion, age or ethnicity) and at any geographical scale. In most cases, segregation is, however, measured with regard to residential areas of a city. The extent of the unequal distribution of selected characteristics can be expressed by different statistical measures. Sociologists, economists and demographers have long studied how social groups tend to be differentiated in residential space and developed a broad range of explanations. As a consequence, segregation has been explained by a variety of theories, which are discussed in this paper. The topics examined by empirical research include temporal dynamics, geographical patterns, societal causes and effects on life chances. This entry focuses on major conceptual facts regarding residential segregation and only marginally discusses the methodological issues connected with its measurement.
761
02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Group-Focused Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior
The advent of organizational citizenship behavior can be attributed to many factors, with transformational leadership serving as a notable determinant. Transformational leaders adeptly articulate the organization’s vision to its employees, bolstering employee identification through the presentation of attainable prospects.
310
02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cultural Identity in the Tourism Development of Colombia
Cultural identity, a concept deeply ingrained in disciplines like archaeology, history, and anthropology, has been a subject of ongoing discussion for experts across the ages. It encompasses the unique set of values, traditions, and customs that define a particular group of people.
534
01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
AI-Based Model for Knowledge Evaluation in Public Organizations
In the construction of knowledge bases, it is very important to evaluate the quality of the knowledge entered into them. Artificial Intelligence (AI) development has led to the research of knowledge management tools for multi-user environments, among many other AI applications. In the knowledge management field, the construction of ontologies as knowledge repositories using various sources requires a means of evaluation of all: the input ontologies and the integration process on the output ontology. The results obtained from the evaluations serve as guides to measure the quality of the repository.
199
01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Perceptions, Attitudes, and Knowledge toward Advance Directives
Advance directives are an expression of a person’s autonomy regarding end-of-life care. An advance directive (AD) is a tool that enables the exercise of prospective autonomy. It serves as instructions for the care a person wishes to receive or refuses in the event they become incapable of expressing their preferences at the end of life.
533
01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Peer Reviewed
How Supervisors Can Support Doctoral Students to Publish and Not Perish in Academia
“Publish or perish” is a term used for the culture adopted in universities, whereby academic members of staff, typically although not exclusively on research and teaching contracts, are required to publish research. Minimum levels of quantity and quality may apply and these may be included in key performance indicators and annual staff reviews to ensure compliance. Whilst this culture has been reported in universities for nearly a century, most recently it has cascaded down to doctoral students who are increasingly expected to publish and otherwise disseminate research during their studies (i.e., research outside of that which is to be submitted in their thesis). This entry relates primarily to doctoral students in a UK setting and studying a monograph route (rather than a published papers submission) in the humanities. It further explores the role played by supervisors to help doctoral students to publish, and in turn the help and guidance supervisors need to offer as support. Many of the findings explored in this entry apply equally beyond the parameters noted above, and, as demonstrated in the literature, international students and institutions are facing similar issues.
311
30 Oct 2023
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