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Topic Review
Teacher-Pupil Ethnicity Match and Achievement
In many countries, ethnic minority teachers are strongly underrepresented. It is often assumed that if there were more minority teachers, minority pupils would achieve much better. This assumption has rarely been empirically tested. In search of proof, the present study reviews the literature. 24 relevant studies were found, all pertaining to the US. The findings show that there is little empirical evidence that a stronger degree of ethnic match, be it in the form of a one-to-one coupling of teachers to pupils with the same ethnic background, or a larger share of minority teachers at an ethnically mixed school, leads to predominantly positive results. Insofar positive effects were found, they apply to a greater extent to subjective teacher evaluations than to objective achievement outcome measures.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Teacher Resilience and Coping with Teacher Stress
The concept of human resilience points to the indicators of life adaptation, including the field of work. In the context of the teaching profession, it can be assumed that resilience as an individual’s characteristic can have a significant impact on a teacher’s career path and can contribute to the decision of whether to leave the teaching profession or to remain in the school system despite the presence of a whole range of stressors. Resilience is important also from the aspect of coping with demanding tasks and fulfilling the requirements asked of teachers in such complex organizations as schools undeniably are. Resilient teachers are able to take advantage of their individual characteristics, as well as of the occurring situations, in order to deal with challenges and to achieve professional/job satisfaction contributing to their well-being.
  • 258
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Teacher Professional Development in STEM Education
The implementation of an integrated approach of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education with real-life scenarios is crucial to motivate students to learn and to better prepare them for real-world problems, which is a big challenge for teachers. By an integrated approach of STEM education in class, it is considered tasks that preferably include content related to all four of the STEM subjects included in the acronym. In addition, at the elementary level (e.g., primary school), it is recommended that tasks are introduced to students guided by the teacher in order to be adequate to their age. In this regard, teachers need to create a guided discovery environment to promote students’ learning in STEM subjects. Therefore, teachers need to participate in effective in-service professional development programmes to gain knowledge and skills to be able to develop this approach.
  • 893
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Teacher Morale and Mental Health
Demoralization occurs when teachers believe they are “violating basic moral expectations that educators should embody: do not harm students, support student learning, engage in behavior becoming of a professional”. Teachers faced new demoralization issues throughout the COVID-19 pandemic that challenged their morale.
  • 269
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Teacher Learning Communities
It is evident that as teachers identify and solve problems of practice together, TLCs (Teacher Learning Communities) build the capacity and collective will to enhance the learning and achievement of all students.
  • 406
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Teacher Characteristics and Teaching Quality and Evaluation
There is a correlation between teacher characteristics and the quality of teaching. Teacher characteristics have a significant impact on the quality of teaching and learning, highlighting the importance of teacher and curriculum characteristics in improving the quality of education. Other factors such as classroom interactions, communication skills, ability to maintain good relationships, teaching methods and cognitive and affective factors can also play a role in the quality of teaching.
  • 278
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Teacher Agency
Teacher agency plays a critical role in sustaining early career teachers’ professional development. Teachers who are of proactive agency can stay true to themselves in seeking career development. Teachers who exercise proactive agency are more likely to regard themselves as a member of “a meaningful profession”, rather than doing “just a job” (p. 149). Teacher agency strengthens the teachers’ commitment to develop themselves as teachers. To provide implications for early career teachers’ professional development, it is essential to explore what shapes teachers’ enactment of agency, including resistance, ambivalence, and proactivity, and to examine the intricate relationship between teacher agency and identity commitment.
  • 576
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Távora Affair
The Távora affair was a political scandal of the 18th century Portuguese court. The events triggered by the attempted assassination of King Joseph I of Portugal in 1758 ended with the public execution of the entire Távora family and its closest relatives in 1759. Some historians interpret the whole affair as an attempt by the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (later Marquis of Pombal) to limit the growing powers of the old aristocratic families.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tata Nano Singur Controversy
The Tata Nano Singur controversy was a controversy generated by land acquisition of a proposed Tata Motors automobile factory at Singur in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. The factory would have been used to build the compact car Tata Nano. Tata Motors started constructing a factory to manufacture a car, Tata Nano which was estimated to cost $2,500 at Singur. The small car was scheduled to roll out of the factory by 2008. The state government of West Bengal created the controversy by citing the 1894 land acquisition act rule to conduct an eminent domain takeover of 997 acres (4.03 km2) of farmland on which Tata Motors was supposed to build its factory. The rule is meant for public improvement projects, and the West Bengal government wanted Tata to build in its state. The project was opposed by activists and opposition parties in Bengal.
  • 4.0K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Killings
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World is a non-fiction compilation book about targeted killing edited by Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman. It was published by Oxford University Press in 2012. The book grew out of contributions by the authors to a conference in April 2011 at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Targeted Killings features eighteen essays in five sections arranged by topic. The work argues that after the 11 September attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001, the United States and other countries began to see the tactic of targeted killing differently. The practice of targeted killing had previously been accepted in situations of self-defence in military settings; after 11 September 2001 it was used to kill non-combatants and those not directly involved in a particular armed force. The book begins with a discussion of targeted killing of non-combatants, followed by discussions of legalities, the rationale of self-defence, the choice of targets, and when and whether the ends can be used to justify the means. Several contributors defend targeting of non-combatants, while Jeremy Waldron discusses the morality associated with the tactic and argues against its use. Jeff McMahan identifies the problematic nature of targeted killing and emphasizes regulations for law enforcement to avoid abuse of process. Richard V. Meyer writes that any entity wishing to carry out targeted killing should first have to declare war on the targeted parties. Kevin H. Govern examines the elimination of Osama Bin Laden and identifies this killing as justified and the product of a rational decision-making process. In the final portion of the book, Fernando Tesón says that targeted killing is particularly justified against terrorists because they use tactics specifically designed to kill civilians. The book was well received in law reviews and by academics across multiple disciplines. Robin Geiß and Steven J. Barela praised its coverage of the legal, moral, political, and strategic aspects of targeted killings. Steven R. Ratner welcomed its addition to the academic literature, and Madeline E. Cohen wrote that it would be a useful reference for additional research. Abraham David Sofaer praised its treatment of the subject and tables, though he argued the book could have given more weight to the law enforcement model of the use of deadly force against individuals.
  • 406
  • 04 Nov 2022
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