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Topic Review
The Psychology of Forgiveness
Forgiveness psychology is a thriving field with ample implications for personal and relational well-being, community health, international relations, and politics. The aim of this entry is to briefly introduce the science of forgiveness that emerged over three decades ago and document its major developments. In this entry, definitions of forgiveness, the emergence of the scientific study on forgiveness, models of forgiveness, forgiveness education, measures of forgiveness, and benefits of forgiveness will be discussed, followed by several implications for consideration.
  • 420
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
The Provocation Trigger of Adultery
Excuse for the husband killing his wife’s lover in the form of the partial defence of provocation was set following the Mawgridge’s case in 1707. This meant the husband could be found guilty of manslaughter rather than murder. In 1810, another precedent was set, where the adulterous wife's killing could follow a sentence of manslaughter rather than murder. This entry investigates the shaping of adultery as a defence to murder under the partial defence of provocation.
  • 477
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Politics of Hard/Soft Dichotomies
Hard and soft approaches to smart cities have been contributed to the compartmentalization of the smart city concept itself. The binary of the hard (technocratic) and soft (societal) is also often presented as a choice of pathways in the development of smart cities. This conceptualization has developed, however, with the original technocratic focus now increasingly reframed as “citizen-centric.”
  • 379
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Perry High/Scope Preschool Program: A Critique
Early Childhood Education programs aim at preventing educational delays associated with socio-ethnic disadvantage in the home environment of young children. Advocates claim that such programs can be effective, provided they are of high quality. Despite the investment of enormous budgets, the educational gap between socio-economically deprived families and their wealthier counterparts is still widening. The question therefore is justified whether these claims are warranted. This article focuses on the internal and external validity of the most cited preschool program, the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, which was carried out between 1962 and 1967 in one school in Ypsilant, MI. Are the program's effects as reported by, e.g. Lawrence Schweinhart and James Heckman, reliable and valid? And is it really possible to generalize the findings of this so-called model program to other programs, target groups, settings and conditions, as is being claimed?
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Perception of Achievement of Complex Thinking
The development of life competencies has become one of the primary objectives of contemporary universities. Beyond ensuring that students acquire knowledge, educational institutions are committed to developing professional skills that enable their graduates to know how to accomplish certain tasks, especially problem solving. One of these competencies, complex thinking, values people’s ability to reason when faced with challenging situations or problems. Globalization, daily use of technology, interactions in diverse environments, and the ever-increasing pressures of social movements mean that new professionals require a broader capacity for thinking than previous generations, which challenges universities to provide adequate training.
  • 4.6K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
The Perceived Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a plethora of inequalities. These inequalities have had a direct impact on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 3 (good health and well-being) and SDG 4 (quality education). The pandemic has laid bare that achievement of these goals by 2030 might be wishful thinking. In the higher education sector, COVID-19, and the subsequent stringent lockdown measures, meant that traditional face-to-face instruction was not possible. For students, this created conditions of unprecedented isolation and physical separation. This unveiled student well-being as a cause for concern and invoked much uncertainty around how to mitigate the effects of isolation, especially given that learning is essentially a social process. This means that universities may need to give greater attention to students’ well-being, social support and sense of belonging when supporting them during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. This remains a priority especially when a growing human consciousness on issues of sustainability increases, the responsibility of the university to address issues of sustainability in all the activities also increases.
  • 440
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Patent Eligibility of 3D Bioprinting
A combination of 3D printing techniques and synthetic biology, 3D bioprinting is a promising field. It is expected that 3D bioprinting technologies will have applications across an array of fields, spanning biotechnology, medical surgery and the pharmaceutical industry. Nonetheless, the progress of these technologies could be hindered, unless there is adequate and effective protection for related applications.
  • 585
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Pandemic City
Pandemics have shaped the way cities are planned and configured. Throughout history, cities have evolved to solve problems of sanitation, hygiene, and health access while providing space and opportunities for the urban dwellers.
  • 695
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Oil Palm Governance Policy in Indonesia
Indonesian palm oil encountered social-agrarian and environmental issues and has been subject to heavy criticism from the international community for years. The Indonesian government answered the very sharp international opinion by implementing standard certification to ensure the achievement of oil palm sustainability. This is especially applied for the small scale plantation at the upstream of the entire palm oil supply chain. Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification has been applied as an instrument of guaranteeing sustainability principles for all business units with a particular attention on smallholders. The system is targeted to address land legality issues, business licensing, plant seedling certification, environmental management, as well as strengthening farmer organizations at the local level. The implementation of ISPO faced challenges and barriers that makes certification is not easy to achieved on the ground. 
  • 628
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Normative World of Memes
Social media has become a fundamental platform where users interact and promote public values. Memetics facilitates this phenomenon. Memes have three main characteristics: (1) Diffuse at the micro-level but shape the macrostructure of society; (2) Are based on popular culture; (3) Travel through competition and selection. The findings suggest that, during a public discussion, it is common to use humor based on popular culture to question authority. Furthermore, a message becomes a meme when it evidences the gap between reality and expectations (normativity).
  • 930
  • 11 Jan 2022
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