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Topic Review
Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Infection
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI) is an atypical mycobacterial infection, i.e. one with nontuberculous mycobacteria or NTM, caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which is made of two Mycobacterium species, M. avium and M. intracellulare. This infection causes respiratory illness in birds, pigs, and humans, especially in immunocompromised people. In the later stages of AIDS, it can be very severe. It usually first presents as a persistent cough. It is typically treated with a series of three antibiotics for a period of at least six months. M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. chimaera are each saprotrophic organisms present in soil and water; entry into hosts is usually via the gastrointestinal tract, but also can be via the lungs. MAC infections can cause fevers, diarrhea, malabsorption, as well as loss of appetite and weight loss, and can disseminate to the bone marrow. MAI is typically resistant to standard mycobacterial therapies.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Biography
Ray M. Bowen
Ray M. Bowen is an American academic. He served as the twenty first president of Texas A&M University from 1994 until 2002.[1] He served as Interim President of Oklahoma State University (OSU) from 1993 until 1994, and Provost and VP for Academic Affairs at OSU from 1991 until 1993. He was Dean of Engineering at the University of Kentucky from 1983 until 1989.[2] At The University of Kentucky, h
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Serendipita indica as a Growth Promoter
Serendipita indica has been found to be a prime beneficial microorganism that improved the growth and development of various plant species under normal and stress conditions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Rheological Phase Reaction Method
The term “rheology” stands for the study of a material’s flow behavior under applied deformation forces or stress. The Rheological Phase Reaction (RPR) method is considered a “pollution-less method” to prepare any metal oxides with high crystallinity, phase purity, and fewer agglomerations depending on the proper raw materials and the right temperature conditions are being chosen. 
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Recyclable Products Classification
Effective waste management and recycling are essential for sustainable development and environmental conservation. It is a global issue around the globe and emerging in Saudi Arabia. The traditional approach to waste sorting relies on manual labor, which is both time-consuming, inefficient, and prone to errors.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Conceptual Overview of Energy Security
In a dynamically changing socio-economic environment with significant technical and technological progress, the notion of energy security takes on a new, broader meaning. Modern literature presents a variety of operational definitions of energy security. Most authors dealing with the issue of energy security expose its different aspects while standing in opposition to competing concepts. As a result, literature that addresses the problems of energy policy is becoming a platform for debates on the essence of energy security and the applicability of its various approaches to individual situations. There is no unanimity among authors with regard to the theoretical framework or the components of this notion. However, the issue of diversity of views is quite typical in social sciences and should not be taken negatively. Despite this, and perhaps contrary to the definitional wealth, experts in the field of energy policy constantly stress the necessity and urgency of undertaking work on the conceptualization of energy security.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Current Source Inverter Power Converters in Photovoltaic Systems
Grid converters play a central role in renewable energy conversion. Current source inverter (CSI) can play a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless conversion of solar-generated energy with the electricity grid, thereby facilitating stable and reliable integration of solar photovoltaic systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bio-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Fruit Applications
Films and coatings have principal functionalities that are fundamental for increasing the shelf lives of food products. They need to achieve protection against UV light and the transfer of compounds (e.g., solutes, water vapor, organic vapors, and gases) between the food and the surrounding atmosphere. They also need to act as a barrier against mechanical damage. The addition of functional/bioactive compounds, such as nutrients, antioxidants, and antimicrobials, against bacterial and fungal proliferation can be performed. The nutritional value can be enhanced with microorganisms that confer health benefits, such as probiotics. Aromatic compounds and flavors can also be added as enhancing agents. Additionally, the final package should be biodegradable and utilize biological materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Materials for Optoelectronics Applications
The past one and a half decades have witnessed the tremendous progress of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, including graphene, transition-metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride, etc., in a variety of fields. The key to their success is their unique structural, electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Two-dimensional materials are layered crystalline solids that have strong bonding in the crystal plane, while the forces between the adjacent atomic layers are weak van-der-Waals forces. The special structure of 2D materials endows them with many remarkable abilities.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Biography
Thomas Farrell
Major General Thomas Francis Farrell (3 December 1891 – 11 April 1967) was the Deputy Commanding General and Chief of Field Operations of the Manhattan Project, acting as executive officer to Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. Farrell graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a degree in civil engineering in 1912. During World War I, he served with the 1st Engineers on the Wester
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia without cytological atypia is commonly treated with progestins, but other treatments may be available with equivalent efficacy and reduced side effects. Here, we evaluate the effect of genistein aglycone on angiogenesis and apoptosis-related markers women with endometrial hyperplasia. Premenopausals (n=38) with nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia were administered either genistein aglycone (54 mg/day, n=19) or norethisterone acetate (10 mg/day, n=19) on days 16–25 of the menstrual cycle and evaluated for 6 months. Biopsies were taken during hysteroscopy at baseline and 6 months, and symptoms including excessive uterine bleeding were assessed at baseline and 3 and 6 months following recruitment. The expression of angiogenesis (Vegf), epithelial (Egf and Tgfb), and apoptosis-related (Bax, Bcl-2, and Casp-9) molecules, were assessed in uterine biopsies at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, SHBG, and progesterone levels were also measured. After 6 months, 42% of genistein aglycone-administered patients had a significant improvement of symptoms compared to 47% of norethisterone acetate subjects. No significant differences were noted in hormone levels for any treatment. Gene expression revealed a significant reduction in Vegf, Egf, and Tgfb (P<0.05 versus baseline), and an increase in proapoptotic molecules (Bax and Casp-9), with a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2 values (P<0.05) in both groups. These results suggest that genistein aglycone might be useful for the management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women who cannot or do not wish to be treated with progestin.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Asthma
Asthma is an inflammatory condition of the bronchial mucosa affecting 10% of children and 5% of adults in Western countries.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun PVC Nanofibers
Electrospun PVC Nanofibers means PVC nanofibers manufactured by electrospinning.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Terrorist and Built Environment
Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Due to the relevance of the perpetrator “will” and the quickness of actions, Terrorism is assimilable to Sudden Onset Disasters (SUOD). BE and its morpho-technological features can be inherently prone or resilient to terrorism risk. The analysis of Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs) can support the safety of BE from a sustainable point of view, above all when they transform the existing urban environments.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Smart City Infrastructure
Smart city infrastructure contains: Infrastructure development using smart systems; Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and its role in infrastructure construction, management, maintenance and operation; Sustainability in current smart infrastructure.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Handedness
Handedness is described as an aspect of hemispheric specialization of function. This entry shows how hand-use, skill, and preference measures are more appropriate for examining the relation of handedness to other forms of hemispheric specialization of function (speech control, praxis, motor control mechanisms, sensorimotor foundations of cognition). 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Organic Acids and Feeding
Because the application of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) causes accelerated adverse effects on the animal diet, the scientific community has taken progressive steps to enhance sustainable animal productivity without using AGP in animal nutrition. Organic acids (OAs) are non-antibiotic feed additives and a promising feeding strategy in the swine and broiler industry. Mechanistically, OAs improve productivity through multiple and diverse pathways in: (a) reduction of pathogenic bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) by reducing the gut pH; (b) boosting the digestibility of nutrients by facilitating digestive enzyme secretion and increasing feed retention time in the gut system; and (c) having a positive impact and preventing meat quality deterioration without leaving any chemical residues. Recent studies have reported the effectiveness of using encapsulated OAs and synergistic mechanisms of OAs combinations in swine and broiler productivity. On the other hand, the synergistic mechanisms of OAs and the optimal combination of OAs in the animal diet are not completely understood, and further intensive scientific explorations are needed. 
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Human Behavior Analysis by Data
The goal of this study was to conduct a literature review of current approaches and techniques for identifying, understanding, and predicting human behaviors through mining a variety of sources of textual data with a focus on enabling classification of psychological behaviors regarding emotion, cognition, and social empathy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oleuropein in Non-Communicable Diseases
Growing scientific literature data suggest that the intake of natural bioactive compounds plays a critical role in preventing or reducing the occurrence of human chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as neuro- and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Oleuropein, the main phenolic component of Olea europaea L., has attracted scientific attention for its several health beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio- and neuro-protective, and anti-cancer. This entry contains data from the current literature concerning the effect of oleuropein in NCDs not only due to its putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but also to its other peculiar actions such as autophagy inducer and amyloid fibril growth inhibitor and, finally, as anti-cancer agent. Despite the increasing number of published studies, looking at the health effects of oleuropein, there is limited clinical evidence focused on the benefits of this polyphenol as a nutraceutical product in humans, and many problems are still to be resolved about its bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and dosage. Thus, future clinical randomized trials are needed to establish the relation between the beneficial effects and the mechanisms of action occurring in the human body in response to the intake of oleuropein.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Waveguide Structures
Liquid crystal materials can be used to make either a core, in which light beams can be confined, or a cladding of optical waveguides.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Nov 2021
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