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Topic Review
Microtubule Acetylation Controls Breast Cancer
During aggressive cancer progression, cancer cells adapt to unique microenvironments by withstanding various cellular stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the mechanism whereby cancer cells overcome the ER stress to survive remains to be elucidated.
  • 731
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Inhibiting the Priming for Cancer in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cancer pre-disposition syndrome associated with a germline mutation in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. People with LFS have a 90% chance of suffering one or more cancers in their lifetime. No treatments exist to reduce this cancer risk.
  • 731
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Moderate-Risk Genes for Hereditary Ovarian Cancers
Approximately 20% of cases of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are hereditary, sharing many causative genes with breast cancer. The lower frequency of EOC compared to breast cancer makes it challenging to estimate absolute or relative risk and verify the efficacy of risk-reducing surgery in individuals harboring germline pathogenic variants (GPV) in EOC predisposition genes, particularly those with relatively low penetrance. 
  • 731
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fluid Biomarkers in HPV Related Oropharyngeal Carcinomas
Biomarkers are crucial in oncology, from the detection and monitoring of cancer to guiding management and predicting treatment outcomes. However, histological assessment of tissue biopsies, which is currently the gold standard for oral cancers, is technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. Liquid biopsies, through the analysis of cancer biomarkers in bodily fluids, offer promising non-invasive alternatives to patient care in oral cancers. Herein, it was to explore and discuss current markers that are detectable in various biofluids, including plasma, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinse. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is classified by the World Health Organization into HPV-positive and HPV-negative types, due to their significant differences in epidemiology, clinical features, histology, and prognosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs). patients generally show better prognosis and survival compared to their HPV-negative counterparts. Regarding HPV-positive OPCs, biomarkers are heavily centered around detection of HPV DNA and their associated oncoproteins, aiming to improve outcome and survival. Twenty clinical studies were identified from the systematic search and are categorized into genetics, epigenetics, extracellular vesicles, oncoproteins, and immune response-related markers. Clinical trials investigating biomarkers for both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers have approaches from various levels and different biofluids. The majority of fluid biomarker research is still in plasma, with HPV ctDNA remaining the most-studied fluid biomarker, which has already been applied clinically to other HPV-related cancers. Promising candidates have been found that could aid in detection, staging, and predicting prognosis of OPCs, in addition to well-established factors including HPV, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. These studies also emphasize the possibility of enhancing prediction results and increasing statistical significance by multi-variate analyses. Liquid biopsies, being non-invasive methods, offer promising assistance in enhancing personalized medicine in treating cancer patients. 
  • 731
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Golgi Apparatus in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer represents a paramount global health challenge, warranting intensified exploration of the molecular underpinnings influencing its progression to facilitate the development of precise diagnostic instruments and customized therapeutic regimens.
  • 731
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteases and HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted disease with high prevalence worldwide. Although most HPV infections do not lead to cancer, some HPV types are correlated with the majority of cervical cancers and with some anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Moreover, enzymes known as proteases play an essential role in the pathogenic process in HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
  • 730
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Methodology for Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer
As lung cancer has the highest cancer-specific mortality rates worldwide, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to detect early-stage tumors and to monitor their response to the therapy. In addition to the well-established tissue biopsy analysis, liquid-biopsy-based assays may evolve as an important diagnostic tool. The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is the most established method, followed by other methods such as the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • 730
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Techniques for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat breast cancer early. Current diagnostic methods include mammography and tissue biopsy; however, they have limitations. Liquid biopsy is a less invasive tool for diagnosis.
  • 730
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapy of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cancer is characterized by poor survival despite surgery and chemotherapy. Current research focusses on biomarkers to improve diagnosis, prognosis and to enable targeted treatment strategies. The aim of our review was to give an overview over the wide range of novel biomarkers in gastric cancer. These biomarkers are targets of a specitif treatment, like antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Other promising biomarkers for targeted therapies that have shown relevance in clinical trials are vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and Claudin 18.2. 
  • 729
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Renal Cell Carcinoma Metabolism
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is highly dependent on dysregulated expression of several genes, and the greater understanding of metabolomic RCC profiling has played a key role in optimizing the therapeutic management of patients in clinical practice. 
  • 729
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Mucositis Induced by Chemoradiotherapy
Oral mucositis, a severe non-hematological complication, can be induced by chemoradiotherapy. It is associated with severe local dysfunction, severely affecting the patient’s quality of life; it increases the risk of oral infections and interrupts oncological treatment, thus prolonging the duration and cost of hospitalization.
  • 728
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Role of Biomarkers in LACC Treatment
Locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) is defined as primary stage T4 colon cancer with direct invasion of surrounding organs or extensive regional lymph node (LN) involvement. Cancer-related biomarkers are beneficial for early detection of cancer and the prediction of prognosis, survival, and treatment response. Colon cancer is a multifactorial malignant disease. Tumor size and its microscopic features, such as the level of aggressiveness; tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification; and lymphatic and venous invasion, have been utilized as fundamental biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis and treatment of colon cancer.
  • 728
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Platinum-Related Ototoxicity in Children cancer
Platinum compounds are a group of chemotherapeutic agents included in many pediatric and adult oncologic treatment protocols. The main platinum compounds are cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Their use in clinical practice has greatly improved long-term survival of pediatric patients, but they also cause some toxic effects: ototoxicity, myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Hearing damage is one of the main toxic effects of platinum compounds, and it derives from the degeneration of hair cells of the ear, which, not having self-renewal capacity, cannot reconstitute themselves. Hearing loss from platinum exposure is typically bilateral, sensorineural, and permanent, and it is caused by the same mechanisms with which platinum acts on neoplastic cells. According to available data from the literature, the optimal timing for the audiological test during and after treatment with platinum compounds is not well defined. Moreover, no substances capable of preventing the onset of hearing loss have been identified.
  • 727
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Regulation of m6A Methylome in Cancer
Reversible N6-adenosine methylation of mRNA, referred to as m6A modification, has emerged as an important regulator of post-transcriptional RNA processing. Numerous studies have highlighted its crucial role in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, particularly cancer. Post-translational modifications of m6A-related proteins play a fundamental role in regulating the m6A methylome, thereby influencing the fate of m6A-methylated RNA. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate m6A-related proteins and the factors contributing to the specificity of m6A deposition has the potential to unveil novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. 
  • 727
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial ROS1
The clinical efficacy of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is low. We previously reported that an increased oncogenic ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) is responsible for the invasiveness and metastasis of OSCC. This study demonstrates for the first time that ROS1, a receptor tyrosine kinase, can localize to mitochondria. Mitochondrial ROS1 in the highly invasive OSCC promotes mitochondrial fission, enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production but reduces mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings highlight the novel function of ROS1 in mitochondrial morphogenesis and metabolic adaptation to promote OSCC invasiveness.
  • 726
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Biphasic α2β1 and Breast Cancer
Integrins participate in the pathogenesis and progression of tumors at many stages during the metastatic cascade. However, current evidence for the role of integrins in breast cancer progression is contradictory and seems to be dependent on tumor stage, differentiation status, and microenvironmental influences. While some studies suggest that loss of α2β1 enhances cancer metastasis, other studies suggest that this integrin is pro-tumorigenic. However, few studies have looked at α2β1 in the context of bone metastasis. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of α2β1 integrin in breast cancer metastasis to bone. To address this, we utilized in vivo models of breast cancer metastasis to bone using MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with an α2 expression plasmid (MDA-OEα2). MDA cells overexpressing the α2 integrin subunit had increased primary tumor growth and dissemination to bone but had no change in tumor establishment and bone destruction. Further in vitro analysis revealed that tumors in the bone have decreased α2β1 expression and increased osteolytic signaling compared to primary tumors. Taken together, these data suggest an inverse correlation between α2β1 expression and bone-metastatic potential. Inhibiting α2β1 expression may be beneficial to limit the expansion of primary tumors but could be harmful once tumors have established in bone.
  • 726
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network
The Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network (3CTN) was established in 2014 to address the decline in academic cancer clinical trials (ACCT) activity. Funding was provided to cancer centres to conduct a Portfolio of ACCTs. 
  • 726
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Highly Expressible Bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR)
Highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) is a light-triggered protein (optogenetic protein) that have seven transmembrane regions with retinal bound as their chromophore to sense light. HEBR has controllable photochemical properties and regulates activity on the proton pumping. Our study indicates that the HEBR protein may inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cells, reduce their migration activity, and suppress some stem-ness-related genes. These findings also suggest the potential of HEBR protein to regulate the growth and migration of tumor cells, which may offer the possibility for an anticancer drug.
  • 725
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Radiation Treatment Adaptation for Head and Neck Cancers
Radiation therapy plays a substantial role in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. Although there has been remarkable advances in radiation therapy techniques over the years, many patients still experience significant treatment toxicities, and several will unfortunately develop cancer recurrence. As head and neck cancers are widely heterogeneous, one approach that may improve outcomes is treatment adaptation to the anatomical or functional changes that occur during the course of therapy. Researchers conclude the current and upcoming literature on radiation therapy treatment adaptation for patients with head and neck cancer, with an emphasis on the added value of magnetic resonance imaging.
  • 725
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Breast Cancer Therapy
Epigenetic dysregulation has been recognized as a critical factor contributing to the development of resistance against standard chemotherapy and to breast cancer progression via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Although the efficacy of the first-generation epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) in solid tumor management has been disappointing, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that epigenome modulation, in synergy with other therapeutic approaches, could play an important role in cancer treatment, reversing acquired therapy resistance.
  • 725
  • 20 Jan 2021
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