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Topic Review
Golgi Apparatus in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer represents a paramount global health challenge, warranting intensified exploration of the molecular underpinnings influencing its progression to facilitate the development of precise diagnostic instruments and customized therapeutic regimens.
  • 722
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Breast Cancer Therapy
Epigenetic dysregulation has been recognized as a critical factor contributing to the development of resistance against standard chemotherapy and to breast cancer progression via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Although the efficacy of the first-generation epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) in solid tumor management has been disappointing, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that epigenome modulation, in synergy with other therapeutic approaches, could play an important role in cancer treatment, reversing acquired therapy resistance.
  • 720
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Inhibiting the Priming for Cancer in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cancer pre-disposition syndrome associated with a germline mutation in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. People with LFS have a 90% chance of suffering one or more cancers in their lifetime. No treatments exist to reduce this cancer risk.
  • 720
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Techniques for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat breast cancer early. Current diagnostic methods include mammography and tissue biopsy; however, they have limitations. Liquid biopsy is a less invasive tool for diagnosis.
  • 720
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Modulation of Epigenetic Pathways of BRCAness
Epigenetics refers to heritable factors that influence cellular phenotypes other than DNA sequence, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and gene silencing by non-coding RNAs. Inhibitors of the first two of these mechanisms have been linked to the induction of BRCAness.
  • 720
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Radiotherapy for Recurrent/Metastatic Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. While surgical resection is the cornerstone of a multimodal curative approach, some tumors are deemed recurrent or metastatic (R/M) and often not suitable for curative surgery.
  • 720
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Technological Advancements in Interventional Oncology
Interventional radiology, and particularly interventional oncology, represents one of the medical subspecialties in which technological advancements and innovations play an utterly fundamental role. Artificial intelligence, consisting of big data analysis and feature extrapolation through computational algorithms for disease diagnosis and treatment response evaluation, is nowadays playing an increasingly important role in various healthcare fields and applications, from diagnosis to treatment response prediction. One of the fields which greatly benefits from artificial intelligence is interventional oncology. In addition, digital health, consisting of practical technological applications, can assist healthcare practitioners in their daily activities. 
  • 720
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Histone Methyltransferase/Demethylase in Cancer
Epigenetic modifications are heritable chromatin alterations that contribute to the temporal and spatial interpretation of the genome. The epigenetic information is conveyed through a multitude of chemical modifications, including DNA methylation, reversible modifications of histones, and ATP-dependent nucleosomal remodeling. Deregulation of the epigenetic machinery contributes to the development of several pathologies, including cancer. During the last decade, we saw an explosion of studies investigating the role of methylation/demethylation of histones. Histone methylation and demethylation are catalyzed by protein methyltransferases and protein demethylases. Their substrates have been shown to play important roles in cancers. Although the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis are still largely unknown, growing evidence is starting to link aberrant regulation of methylation to tumorigenesis. This review focuses on summarizing the recent progress in understanding of the function of histone lysine and arginine methylation/demethylation. We also discuss the potential and the caveats of targeting protein methylation for the treatment of cancer.
  • 719
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Biphasic α2β1 and Breast Cancer
Integrins participate in the pathogenesis and progression of tumors at many stages during the metastatic cascade. However, current evidence for the role of integrins in breast cancer progression is contradictory and seems to be dependent on tumor stage, differentiation status, and microenvironmental influences. While some studies suggest that loss of α2β1 enhances cancer metastasis, other studies suggest that this integrin is pro-tumorigenic. However, few studies have looked at α2β1 in the context of bone metastasis. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of α2β1 integrin in breast cancer metastasis to bone. To address this, we utilized in vivo models of breast cancer metastasis to bone using MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with an α2 expression plasmid (MDA-OEα2). MDA cells overexpressing the α2 integrin subunit had increased primary tumor growth and dissemination to bone but had no change in tumor establishment and bone destruction. Further in vitro analysis revealed that tumors in the bone have decreased α2β1 expression and increased osteolytic signaling compared to primary tumors. Taken together, these data suggest an inverse correlation between α2β1 expression and bone-metastatic potential. Inhibiting α2β1 expression may be beneficial to limit the expansion of primary tumors but could be harmful once tumors have established in bone.
  • 719
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Management of Malignant Pleural Effusions
Overview of current guidelines and practices in the management of malignant pleural effusion
  • 718
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
DNA Repair Pathways in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Due to the large-scale sequencing efforts, there is currently a better understanding of the genomic landscape of PC. The identification of defects in DNA repair genes has led to clinical studies that provide a strong rationale for developing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents in this molecularly defined subset of patients. The identification of molecularly defined subgroups of patients has also other clinical implications; for example, we now know that carriers of breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) have increased levels of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, increased proportion of high Gleason tumors, elevated rates of nodal and distant metastases, and high recurrence rate; BRCA2 PSVs confer lower overall survival (OS). Distinct tumor PSV, methylation, and expression patterns have been identified in BRCA2 compared with non-BRCA2 mutant prostate tumors. Several DNA damage response and repair (DDR)-targeting agents are currently being evaluated either as single agents or in combination in patients with PC. 
  • 718
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
In Utero Origins of Acute Leukemia in Children
Acute leukemias, mainly consisting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), comprise a major diagnostic group among hematologic cancers. Due to the early age at onset of ALL, particularly, it has long been suspected that acute leukemias of childhood may have an in utero origin. 
  • 718
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrate Frailty Assessment in Onconephrology
Onconephrology has emerged as a novel sub-specialty of nephrology dedicated to the intersection between the kidney and cancer. This intersection is broad and includes a number of important areas of focus, including concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cancer, acute kidney complications of cancer, and cancer-treatment-induced nephrotoxicity. The importance of onconephrology is even more evident when considering the global growth in the population of older adults, many of whom are living with some degree of frailty. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of older adults have CKD (some of whom eventually progress to kidney failure) and are at high risk of developing solid tumour and hematologic malignancies. Specific to kidney disease, the association between frailty status and kidney disease has been explored in depth, and tools to capture frailty can be used to guide the management and prognostication of older adults living with kidney failure.
  • 717
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency and Prostate Cancer
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a term describing tumor phenotypes in which the ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks utilizing the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is lost. Lately, precision medicine has been focusing on targetable mutations, although their frequency in tumors may be very low. The most notable mutations that can be targeted in PCa include gene products that regulate DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR), such as BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CHEK2 and HOXB13.
  • 717
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Platinum-Related Ototoxicity in Children cancer
Platinum compounds are a group of chemotherapeutic agents included in many pediatric and adult oncologic treatment protocols. The main platinum compounds are cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Their use in clinical practice has greatly improved long-term survival of pediatric patients, but they also cause some toxic effects: ototoxicity, myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Hearing damage is one of the main toxic effects of platinum compounds, and it derives from the degeneration of hair cells of the ear, which, not having self-renewal capacity, cannot reconstitute themselves. Hearing loss from platinum exposure is typically bilateral, sensorineural, and permanent, and it is caused by the same mechanisms with which platinum acts on neoplastic cells. According to available data from the literature, the optimal timing for the audiological test during and after treatment with platinum compounds is not well defined. Moreover, no substances capable of preventing the onset of hearing loss have been identified.
  • 716
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
First-Line Immunotherapy
First-line immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy has deeply changed the treatment landscape and prognosis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients with no targetable alterations. Nonetheless, a percentage of patients progressed on ICI as monotherapy or combinations. Open questions remain on patients’ selection, the identification of biomarkers of primary resistance to immunotherapy and the treatment strategies to overcome secondary resistance to first-line immunotherapy. Local ablative approaches are the main therapeutic strategies in oligoprogressive disease, and their role is emerging in patients treated with immunotherapy. Many therapeutic strategies can be adapted in aNSCLC patients with systemic progression to personalize the treatment approach according to re-characterization of the tumors, previous ICI response, and type of progression.
  • 716
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Renal Cell Carcinoma Metabolism
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is highly dependent on dysregulated expression of several genes, and the greater understanding of metabolomic RCC profiling has played a key role in optimizing the therapeutic management of patients in clinical practice. 
  • 716
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune-Focused Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The emerging field of immuno-oncology has brought exciting developments in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has also raised urgent questions about the role of immunotherapy in the setting of liver transplantation, both before and after transplant. A growing body of evidence points to the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents as potential adjuncts for successful down-staging of advanced HCCs to allow successful transplant in carefully selected patients. For patients with recurrent HCC post-transplant, immunotherapy has a limited, yet growing role.
  • 716
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Highly Expressible Bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR)
Highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) is a light-triggered protein (optogenetic protein) that have seven transmembrane regions with retinal bound as their chromophore to sense light. HEBR has controllable photochemical properties and regulates activity on the proton pumping. Our study indicates that the HEBR protein may inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cells, reduce their migration activity, and suppress some stem-ness-related genes. These findings also suggest the potential of HEBR protein to regulate the growth and migration of tumor cells, which may offer the possibility for an anticancer drug.
  • 715
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs at the GWAS Risk Loci
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in a variety of cellular processes. Deregulation of the lncRNAs has been implicated in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, germline genetic variations associated with cancer risk have been correlated with lncRNA expression and/or function. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-characterized cancer-associated lncRNAs have been analyzed for their association with cancer risk. These SNPs may occur within the lncRNA transcripts or spanning regions that may alter the structure, function, and expression of these lncRNA molecules and contribute to cancer progression and may have potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Additionally, some of these lncRNA have a tissue-specific expression profile, suggesting them as biomarkers for specific cancers.
  • 715
  • 29 Mar 2022
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