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Topic Review
Extended Reality Technology in Architectural Design Education
With the emergence of Architecture 4.0 and the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, extended reality (XR) technology has been increasingly applied in architectural education. This study aims to systematically organize and analyze the applications and outcomes of XR technology in construction education over the past five years, provide a theoretical framework for its future widespread use, and highlight its drawbacks as well as future research directions.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Techniques in Endometrial Cancer
Lymph node status is important in predicting the prognosis and guiding adjuvant treatment in endometrial cancer. However, previous studies showed that systematic lymphadenectomy conferred no therapeutic values in clinically early-stage endometrial cancer but might lead to substantial morbidity and impact on the quality of life of the patients. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node that tumor cells drain to, and sentinel lymph node biopsy has emerged as an acceptable alternative to full lymphadenectomy in both low-risk and high-risk endometrial cancer.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cold Plasma-Assisted Extraction of Phytochemicals
There has been growing interest in bioactive plant compounds for their beneficial effects on health and for their potential in reducing the risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The extraction techniques conventionally used to obtain these phytocompounds, however, due to the use of toxic solvents and high temperatures, tend to be supplanted by innovative and unconventional techniques, in line with the demand for environmental and economic sustainability of new chemical processes. Among non-thermal technologies, cold plasma (CP), which has been successfully used for some years in the food industry as a treatment to improve food shelf life, seems to be one of the most promising solutions in green extraction processes. CP is characterized by its low environmental impact, low cost, and better extraction yield of phytochemicals, saving time, energy, and solvents compared with other classical extraction processes. In light of these considerations, researchers aim to provide an overview of the potential and critical issues related to the use of CP in the extraction of phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols and essential oils. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ethanol Stability and Composition of Camel Milk
Camel milk has recently gained the interest of consumers and the dairy industry, as it is widely suggested as an ideal substitute for cow milk. The nutritional value and the bioactivity of camel milk proteins have received particular attention from research groups and industrial companies around the world. Camel milk proteins can be used as ingredients in the manufacturing and stabilization of foods and beverages; however, in these applications, the controlled aggregation of milk proteins and stability at high temperatures and in alcohol are desirable. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gladstonian Liberalism
Gladstonian liberalism is a political doctrine named after the United Kingdom Victorian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstonian liberalism consisted of limited government expenditure and low taxation whilst making sure government had balanced budgets and the classical liberal stress on self-help and freedom of choice. Gladstonian liberalism also emphasised free trade, little government intervention in the economy and equality of opportunity through institutional reform. It is referred to as laissez-faire or classical liberalism in the United Kingdom and is often compared to Thatcherism. Gladstonian financial rectitude had a partial lasting impact on British politics and the historian John Vincent contends that under Lord Salisbury's premiership he "left Britain's low tax, low cost, low growth economy, with its Gladstonian finance and its free trade dogmas, and no conscript army, exactly as he had found it...Salisbury reigned, but Gladstone ruled". However, in the early 20th-century the Liberal Party began to move away from Gladstonian liberalism and instead developed new policies based on social liberalism (or what Gladstone called "constructionism"). The Liberal government of 1906–1914 is noted for its social reforms and these included old age pensions and National Insurance. Taxation and public expenditure was also increased and New Liberal ideas led to David Lloyd George's People's Budget of 1909–1910. The first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Snowden, had Gladstonian economic views. This was demonstrated in his first Budget in 1924 as government expenditure was curtailed, taxes were lowered and duties on tea, coffee, cocoa and sugar were reduced. Historian A. J. P. Taylor remarked that this budget "would have delighted the heart of Gladstone". Ernest Bevin remarked on becoming Minister of Labour in 1940: "They say that Gladstone was at the Treasury from 1860 to 1930".
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Biomarkers in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management
Chronic neuropathic pain is a very important public health issue with profound negative implications in many aspects of patients’ individual lives, as well as society, health systems, productivity, and macroeconomics. The development of imaging, especially molecular and functional imaging, provides objectivity and makes the connection between structural changes, receptors involved in the mechanisms of action, and potentially therapeutic or diagnostic molecules by highlighting the place of action and the involved systems. The approval of composite biomarkers, including serological, genetic, clinical, and imaging markers, with high sensitivity and specificity will accelerate and improve diagnosis, staging, predictive and prognostic evaluation, stratification (phenotyping) and inclusion in trials, and the development of therapeutic options (pharmacological, biomedical) through preclinical, translational, clinical studies. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the only known human oncogenic virus in the polyomaviridae family and the etiological agent of most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). MCC is an aggressive and highly metastatic skin cancer with a propensity for recurrence and poor prognosis. Large tumor antigen (LT), is an essential oncoprotein for MCV transcription, viral replication, and cancer cell proliferation. MCV LT is a short-lived protein that encodes a unique domain: MCV LT unique regions (MURs). These domains consist of phosphorylation sites that interact with multiple E3 ligases, thus limiting LT expression and consequently, viral replication. In this study, we show that MURs are necessary for regulating LT stability via multiple E3 ligase interactions, resulting in cell growth arrest. While expression of wild-type MCV LT induced a decrease in cellular proliferation, deletion of the MUR domains resulted in increased LT stability and cell proliferation. Conversely, addition of MURs to SV40 LT propagated E3 ligase interactions, which in turn, reduced SV40 LT stability and decreased cell growth activity. Our results demonstrate that compared to other human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), MCV LT has evolved to acquire the MUR domains that are essential for MCV LT autoregulation, potentially leading to viral latency and MCC.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Uncovering the Tumor Antigen Landscape
According to the latest available data, cancer is the second leading cause of death, highlighting the need for novel cancer therapeutic approaches. In this context, immunotherapy is emerging as a reliable first-line treatment for many cancers, particularly metastatic melanoma. Indeed, cancer immunotherapy has attracted great interest following the recent clinical approval of antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, that release the brakes of the immune system, thus reviving a field otherwise poorly explored. Cancer immunotherapy mainly relies on the generation and stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), priming T cells and establishing efficient and durable anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, there is a clear need to define and identify immunogenic T cell epitopes to use in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Naturally presented antigens in the human leucocyte antigen-1 (HLA-I) complex on the tumor surface are the main protagonists in evocating a specific anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response. However, the methodologies for their identification have been a major bottleneck for their reliable characterization. Consequently, the field of antigen discovery has yet to improve.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a neurological disease characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles and clinical features of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a micronutrient with pleiotropic effects in humans. Due to sedentary lifestyles and increasing time spent indoors, a growing body of research is revealing that vitamin D deficiency is a global problem. Despite the routine measurement of vitamin D in clinical laboratories and many years of efforts, methods of vitamin D analysis have yet to be standardized and are burdened with significant difficulties. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
HR-MAS NMR in Plant Metabolomics
Metabolomics is used to reduce the complexity of plants and to understand the underlying pathways of the plant phenotype. The metabolic profile of plants can be obtained by mass spectrometry or liquid-state NMR. Extraction of metabolites from the sample is necessary for both techniques to obtain the metabolic profile. This extraction step can be eliminated by making use of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR which allows to get metabolic profile directly in intact plant tissues such as intact leaves. An HR-MAS NMR-based metabolomics workflow is thus established that provide a novel platform for obtaining important information of regular metabolic network non-invasively.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pitfalls and Limitations of Glioblastoma Diagnosis and Follow-Up
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Glioblastoma is mainly diagnosed by neuroimaging techniques followed by histopathological and molecular analysis of the resected or biopsied tissue.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cancellation (Television)
In television, cancellation refers to the termination of a program by a network, typically because of low viewership, financial losses, low ratings, or unfavourable critical reviews. Other potential reasons for canceling television programs include controversies involving the program's cast, conflicts among the show's staff members or to make room for new programming. Shows whose runs end due to a mutual creative decision by its creators, producers, cast, and the network it airs on (such as Seinfeld, The Sopranos, or The Cosby Show) are not considered to be "cancelled" but rather "concluded" or "ended", with a special last episode called its series finale. Even so, programs that end their runs in this manner are sometimes incorrectly stated to have been cancelled, even if the program was renewed for a final season (such as with American Idol, by which the term was incorrectly applied upon the announcement of Fox, Fremantle Media and 19 Entertainment's decision to renew the show for a 15th and final season in May 2015 to air in 2016); shows that are cancelled traditionally end their runs during the television season in which the program airs first-run episodes at the time, either effective immediately after the announcement is made by the network or until all remaining episodes are broadcast. The Friday night death slot is a perceived graveyard slot in United States television, referring to the idea that a television program in the United States scheduled on Friday evenings is destined for imminent cancellation.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Soyuz TMA-19
Soyuz TMA-19 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and is part of the Soyuz programme. It was launched on 15 June 2010 carrying three members of the Expedition 24 crew to the International Space Station, who remained aboard the station for around six months. Soyuz TMA-19 was the 106th crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, since the first mission which was launched in 1967. The spacecraft remained docked to the space station for the remainder of Expedition 24, and for Expedition 25, to serve as an emergency escape vehicle. It undocked from ISS and landed in Kazakhstan on 26 November 2010. It was the 100th mission to be conducted as part of the International Space Station programme since assembly began in 1998.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sanctions Effectiveness
As the context of geopolitical instability has worsened, economic sanctions have become an increasingly used instrument to condition international economic relations and the global strategies of the great powers. Thus, the study of the types of sanctions and the mechanisms that contribute to their effectiveness has become an increasingly relevant topic.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Managing the Expectations of Doctoral Students and Their Supervisors: A UK Perspective
The management of expectations in doctoral education relates to the negotiation and agreement of a learning contract denoting actions and initiatives between a student and a supervisor. A learning contract is a set of understandings of what things, actions and initiatives might reasonably be expected from whom, in the course of learning, where there is a natural power imbalance. This is important so that both scholarly and material progress can be made along all points of the doctoral learning experience, i.e., that learning is personalised, professional and productive towards an original contribution of knowledge. It is the evidencing of this continual learning process through research that is deemed to be doctoral at the final examination stage. A doctoral student is a learner on the highest degree pathway that is available at all UK universities. This typically results in a thesis, marking the end point of being supervised whereupon an assessment or examination takes place, which, in UK universities, is called a viva voce (Latin: the living voice). This is a verbal account or defence of the thesis document by the student, made to two or three examiners who comprise the examination team. In the UK, the viva examination is a private event, while elsewhere, for example, across Europe and North America, the examination can be a public event. A student on a doctoral programme usually has a period of registration that is 3 years full-time or 6 years part-time. Other terms that can be used interchangeably around doctoral supervision are candidate (for the student) and candidature, which is their period of registration. Supervisors also have roles denoted as the Director of Studies (DoS) or Principal Investigator (PI). The supervision team is led by a Director of Studies (or PI) who is often the most experienced scholar who teaches, guides and mentors their student’s learning through the research they conduct. There are usually at least two supervisors in a supervision team in the UK, but there can be more as required depending upon the specialisms and topics being researched. Expectations formed by either the student or the supervisor(s) can be about physical resources to embark upon a passage of learning through a doctoral programme, or more typically, the discussion of expectations relates to managing the behaviours of students and supervisors in their respective roles. Managed expectations help to achieve a balance between the intellectual sharing of expertise by the supervisor with the self-directed initiatives for learning, which are taken by the student. The aim of managing expectations is to help a student move from dependence in their learning at the start of their programme to becoming an independent doctoral-level scholar who, once graduated as doctor, can act autonomously to conduct their own research, or even embark upon supervising others’ research in the future.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Assembly Theory
Assembly theory is a framework for quantifying evolution and complexity. It, therefore, spans various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and information theory. Assembly theory is rooted in the assembly of an object from a set of basic building units, forming an initial assembly pool and from subunits that entered the assembly pool in previous assembly steps. Hence, the object is defined not as a set of point particles but by the history of its assembly, where the assembly index is the smallest number of steps required to assemble the object.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Aug 2026
Topic Review
Optical Coherence Tomography in Myopia and Pathologic Myopia
Myopia represents a growing and significantly global public health problem, with a prevalence of over two billion people (28.3% of the global population), including 277 million individuals (4.0%) with high myopia. Pathologic myopia is defined by the presence of myopic lesions in the posterior segment of the eye (posterior staphyloma or myopic maculopathy equal to or more serious than diffuse choroidal atrophy). Advances in imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technology, including the development of swept source OCT/OCTA, widefield or ultra-widefield systems, have greatly improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of myopia and myopia-related complications.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
C/EBPs
CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) is a family of six structurally homologous transcription factors that promote the expression of genes involved in different cellular responses, such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation. These transcription factors control the differentiation of several cell types, and have key roles in regulating cellular proliferation, through interaction with cell cycle proteins. The molecular structure of C/EBPs and their ability to interact with a multitude of factors determine their complex functions in different cells. In fact, C/EBPs can be activated or inhibited by a variety of intracellular or extracellular signals. In addition, post-translational modifications and interaction with other proteins can regulate their expression and activity in a complex manner. C/EBPs can activate or repress several classes of genes implicated in cell differentiation, metabolism, inflammation, and immune response. Moreover, C/EBPs play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis, showing both pro-oncogenic and onco-suppressor functions. Interestingly, the same isotype of C/EBP can exhibit both of these opposite functions. This “Janus” role of C/EBPs in cancer could depend on their particular position at the crossroads between proliferation and differentiation. Specific conditions such as cell type, microenvironment, type of heterodimerization, or interaction with different regulatory proteins can tip the balance towards pro- or anti-oncogenic action.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedicine
Iron oxides are common natural compounds and can also easily be synthesized in the laboratory. There are 16 iron oxides, including oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides. These minerals are a result of aqueous reactions under various redox and pH conditions. They have the basic composition of Fe,O, and/or OH, but differ in the valency of iron and overall crystal structure. Some of the important iron oxides are goethite, akaganeite, lepidocrocite, magnetite and hematite.  Iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles consist of maghemite (y-Fe2O3) and/or magnetite (Fe3O4) particles with diameters ranging from 1 and 100 nanometer and find applications in magnetic data storage, biosensing, drug-delivery, etc. In nanoparticles (NPs), the surface area to volume ratio increases significantly. This allows a considerably higher binding capacity and excelent dispersibility of NPs in solutions. Magnetic NPs, with sizes between 2 and 20 nm display superparamagnetism, i.e. their magnetization is zero, in the absence of an external magnetic field and they can be magnetized by an extermal magnetic source. This property provides additional stability for magnetic nanparticles in solutions.  Because of their magnetic and superparamagnetic properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have many potential applications for medical use. The synthesis of these NPs has been the basis of many studies, each proposing different synthesis methods yielding nanostructures of different properties. The chemical, physical and magnetic properties of these nanostructures are examined to determine their possible application in mgnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contrast enhancement and thermal activation therapy. NPs characterization and demonstration of their potential uses pave  the way to the development of smart magnetic IONPs for targeted diagnostics and therapeutics of human diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Using the proprietary monoloyer polymer coating strategy, hydrophobic, organic ligand-coated IONPs have successfully been converted into water soluble, bio-accessible IONPs. Recent enhancement in the quality of both organic and water soluble IONPs opens avenues of opportunities for development of IO nanoparticles based applications, for example:  ·         As contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  ·         As drug carriers for target specific drug delivery  ·         As gene carriers for gene therapy ·         As therapeutic agents for hyperthermia based cancer treatments ·         As magnetic sensing probes for in-vitro diagnostics (IVD) ·         As nanoadjuvant for vaccine and antibody production.  This growing portfolio of magnetic NPs excited us to offer a brief review on the biologically compatible IONPs synthesized by electrochemical deposition, and their potential use in biomedical application. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2021
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