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Topic Review
Carotenoids Reduce Urological Cancers Risk
Urological cancers, namely prostate, bladder, kidney, testicular, and penile cancers, are common conditions that constitute almost one-quarter of all malignant diseases in men. Urological cancers tend to affect older individuals, and their development is influenced by modifiable metabolic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors. Carotenoids may have cancer-fighting properties and protect against cancer development, slow its spread, and reduce the risk of cancer deaths in humans.
  • 753
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Communication Network-2
Cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is considered a fibrotic biomarker and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for kidney pathologies. CCN2 is a matricellular protein with four distinct structural modules that can exert a dual function as a matricellular protein and as a growth factor.
  • 748
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Kidney Disease and Gut Microbiota
The gut–kidney interaction implicating chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been the focus of increasing interest. Gut microbiota-targeted therapies could prevent CKD and its comorbidities. Considering that CKD can originate in early life, its treatment and prevention should start in childhood or even earlier in fetal life. Up to 10% of the population worldwide is affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • 745
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutical Options in Alport Syndrome
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary kidney disease caused by pathogenic variants in COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes with autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant transmission or in the COL4A5 gene with X-linked inheritance. Digenic inheritance was also described. Clinically it is associated with microscopic hematuria, followed by proteinuria and chronic renal insufficiency with end-stage renal disease in young adults. Nowadays, there is no curative treatment available. The inhibitors of RAS (renin-angiotensin system) since childhood slow the progression of the disease. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors seem to be promising drugs from DAPA-CKD (dapagliflozin–chronic kidney disease) study, but only a limited number of patients with Alport syndrome was included. Endothelin type A receptor and angiotensin II type 1 receptor combined inhibitors, and lipid-lowering agents are used in ongoing studies in patients with AS and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
  • 745
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition and Exercise in Advanced CKD Patients
The CKD patients are often physically deconditioned, and protein energy wasting (PEW) and frailty are commonly present. These disorders are of major concern because physical dysfunction, muscle atrophy, and reduced muscle strength are associated with poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in CKD and chronic dialysis patients. 
  • 741
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in CKD Patients
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with phenotypic and functional changes in the immune system, followed by detrimental clinical consequences, such as severe infections and defective response to vaccination. 
  • 737
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Effects of Race on Acute Kidney Injury
Racial disparities in incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are pervasive and are driven in part by social inequities and other factors. It is well-documented that Black patients face higher risk of AKI and seemingly have a survival advantage compared to White counterparts. Various explanations have been advanced and suggested to account for this, including differences in susceptibility to kidney injury, severity of illness, and socioeconomic factors.
  • 733
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60–300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer.
  • 733
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Repair of Post-Radiation Urethral Stricture Disease
Radiation therapy (RT) in the management of pelvic cancers remains a clinical challenge to urologists given the sequelae of urethral stricture disease secondary to fibrosis and vascular insults. The management of post-radiation urethral stricture consists of conservative, endoscopic, and primary reconstructive options. Endoscopic approaches remain an option, but with limited long-term success. Despite concerns with graft take, reconstructive options such as urethroplasties in this population with buccal grafts have shown long-term success rates ranging from 70 to 100%. Robotic reconstruction is augmenting previous options with faster recovery times. Radiation-induced stricture disease is challenging with multiple interventions available, but with successful outcomes demonstrated in various cohorts including urethroplasties with buccal grafts and robotic reconstruction.
  • 733
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antiurolithiatic Effect of Family Rosaceae Plants
Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. Rosaceae plants have great potential to treat urolithiasis.
  • 731
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Penile Length after Radical Prostatectomy
One of the standard treatments for localized prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy (RP), which is widely performed worldwide. Changes in pelvic anatomy after radical prostatectomy are inevitable and, therefore, postoperative complications cannot be completely eliminated; however, preserving as much of the tissue and structure around the prostate as possible, to the extent that prostate cancer control is not compromised, may help reduce the prevalence of postoperative complications. 
  • 730
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Different Treatments of Membranous Nephropathy
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the kidney glomerulus and is one of the most prevalent diseases causing nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults. In the absence of any therapy, 35% of patients develop end-stage renal disease. The discovery of autoantibodies such as phospholipase A2 receptor 1, antithrombospondin and neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein has greatly helped us to understand the pathogenesis and enable the diagnosis of this disease and to guide its treatment. Depending on the complications of nephrotic syndrome, patients with this disease receive supportive treatment with diuretics, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, lipid-lowering agents and anticoagulants.
  • 728
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Care for ADPKD Patients
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic nephropathy, and tolvaptan is the only therapy available. Recent studies have identified a chronic shift in energy production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) as a contributor to cyst growth, rendering cyst cells exquisitely sensitive to glucose availability. Therefore, low calorie or ketogenic diets have delayed preclinical ADPKD progression.
  • 723
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biopolymers and Their Applications in Kidney Disease
Kidney disease has become a serious public health problem throughout the world, and its treatment and management constitute a huge global economic burden. Currently, the main clinical treatments are not sufficient to cure kidney diseases. During its development, nanotechnology has shown unprecedented potential for application to kidney diseases. However, nanotechnology has disadvantages such as high cost and poor bioavailability. In contrast, biopolymers are not only widely available but also highly bioavailable. Therefore, biopolymer-based nanosystems offer new promising solutions for the treatment of kidney diseases. 
  • 722
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenicity of Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections
A brief overview of biofilm formation and virulence factors contributing to enterococcus's pathogenicity in urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common causes of infections worldwide and can be caused by numerous uropathogens.
  • 721
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Optimizing Outcomes in Flexible Ureteroscopy
Suction is an effective and safe technique that improves stone-free rates, reduces operative time and limits complication rates after flexible ureteroscopy (fURS). 
  • 719
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency and Prostate Cancer
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a term describing tumor phenotypes in which the ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks utilizing the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is lost. Lately, precision medicine has been focusing on targetable mutations, although their frequency in tumors may be very low. The most notable mutations that can be targeted in PCa include gene products that regulate DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR), such as BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CHEK2 and HOXB13.
  • 715
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer in High-Risk Genetic Mutation Carriers
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death. Men with certain genetic differences are at much higher risks of developing metastatic and lethal prostate cancer. Since there is a large difference in mortality between low- and high-risk prostate cancers, it is critical to identify individuals who are at high-risk for disease progression and death. Germline genetic differences are increasingly recognized as contributing to risk of lethal prostate cancer. 
  • 714
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapies for Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
In the absence of early detection and initial treatment, prostate cancer often progresses to an advanced stage, frequently spreading to the bones and significantly impacting patients’ well-being and healthcare resources. Therefore, managing patients with prostate cancer that has spread to the bones often involves using bone-targeted medications like bisphosphonates and denosumab to enhance bone structure and minimize skeletal complications. Additionally, researchers are studying the tumor microenvironment and biomarkers to understand the mechanisms and potential treatment targets for bone metastases in prostate cancer. 
  • 714
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) comprises alterations in calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) metabolism, abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth or strength, and vascular calcification leading to an increase in bone fractures and vascular disease, which ultimately result in high morbidity and mortality. The bone component of CKD-MBD, referred to as renal osteodystrophy, starts early during the course of CKD as a result of the effects of progressive reduction in kidney function which modify the tight interaction between mineral, hormonal, and other biochemical mediators of cell function that ultimately lead to bone disease. In addition, other factors, such as osteoporosis not apparently dependent on the typical pathophysiologic abnormalities resulting from altered kidney function, may accompany the different varieties of renal osteodystrophy leading to an increment in the risk of bone fracture. After kidney transplantation, these bone alterations and others directly associated or not with changes in kidney function may persist, progress or transform into a different entity due to new pathogenetic mechanisms.
  • 710
  • 31 Jan 2023
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