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Topic Review
The interleukin-1 Family Cytokines, Receptors and Co-Receptors
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family is involved in the correct functioning and regulation of the innate immune system, linking innate and adaptative immune responses. This complex family is composed by several cytokines, receptors, and co-receptors, all working in a balanced way to maintain homeostasis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Transmission of Onychomycosis and Dermatophytosis between Household Members
Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nail, caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts. Predisposing factors include older age, trauma, diabetes, immunosuppression, and previous history of nail psoriasis or tinea pedis. Shared household equipment, including footwear, bedding, and nail tools, may transmit dermatophytes. The persistence of dermatophytes on household cleaning supplies, linen, and pets may serve as lasting sources of infection. Further investigation of the specific mechanisms behind household spread is needed to break the cycle of transmission, reducing the physical and social impacts of onychomycosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Photon Tomography in Skin Penetration Research
Multi-photon tomography (MPT) is a 3D optical imaging method based on the detection of fluorescence and harmonic signals excited by multiple photons. At high photon flux, two or three photons can be absorbed simultaneously and the sum energy is sufficient to put the molecule in the excited state; then, the emitted two- or three-photon-excited fluorescence is measured. Pulsed fs lasers are usually used for this purpose.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gene Therapy in Dermatology
Gene therapies have not yet been approved to treat skin diseases but the progress in the field has been remarkable over the last couple of decades. For context, China was the first country to approve and commercialize a gene therapy product back in 2003. It was not until 2012 that Glybera became the first gene therapy approved in Europe by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of lipoprotein lipase deficiency, an ultra-rare inherited disorder [33]. Five years later, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave approval to Luxturna, ushering in a new range of possibilities for disease treatment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Dermatopathology
Artificial intelligence applied to pathological anatomyhas attracted a particular interest from pathologists and, in more detail, also from dermatopathologists. Increasing attention is being paid to the applications of AI and ML in the diagnosis of simple or more complex skin lesions, and the training of AI algorithms is gathering increasing feedback from the scientific community.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dermatology
Augmented reality (AR) is a component of virtual reality (VR) or virtual environments (VE) where the user is completely immersed into a synthetic environment. While in VR, the user does not see the real world. Instead, AR allows us to superimpose virtual objects onto real ones. The number of AR/VR applications has undeniably exploded over the last decades. While both techniques have been extensively used in various medical fields, such as in plastic surgery, little investigation has been performed so far in dermatology.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Melanogenic Activity of Calocedrus formosana Wood Essential Oil
Calocedrus formosana (Cupressaceae) is one of the five precious woods of Taiwan. C. formosana wood essential oil (CFEO) could be a potential melanogenesis inhibitor.  Among the composition of C. formosana wood essential oil (CFEO), thymol exhibited the strongest the inhibitory melanin production activity the anti-melanogenesis principal of CFEO might be thymol. 
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Apoptosis in Pemphigus Vulgaris
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an IgG autoantibody-mediated, potentially fatal mucocutaneous disease manifested by progressive non-healing erosions and blisters. Beyond acting to inhibit adhesion molecules, PVIgGs elicit a unique process of programmed cell death and detachment of epidermal keratinocytes termed apoptolysis. Mitochondrial damage by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) has proven to be a critical link in this process.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Caspase Inhibition in Pemphigus Vulgaris Treatment
Pemphigus vulgaris is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterised by blister formation affecting the skin and mucous membranes.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Psoriasis and Sport
The link between Psoriasis and sport is a controversial issue. Physical activity has been associated to Pso in a negative way, even if recent studies have highlighted the potential beneficial effect on the natural course of the disease and, as consequence, on patients’ quality of life (QoL).
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Keratinocytes, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Skin Diseases
The skin exerts several fundamental functions that are the first physical, chemical and immune barriers to the human body. Keratinocytes, the main cell type of the epidermis, provide mechanical defense, support skin integrity and actively endorse cutaneous immune responses. Not surprisingly, considering these crucial activities, alterations in keratinocyte functions are associated with different inflammatory skin diseases. Recent findings indicate that the skin should not only be regarded as a target for hormones but that it should also be considered as an endocrine peripheral organ that is directly involved in the synthesis and metabolism of these chemical messengers. Sex hormones have multiple effects on the skin, attributed to the binding with intracellular receptors expressed by different skin cell populations, including keratinocytes, that activate downstream signaling routes that modulate specific cellular functions and activities.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of pigmentation clinically characterized by well-defined depigmented or chalk-white macules and patches on the skin. The prevalence of vitiligo varies by geographical area, affecting 0.5% to 2% of the population. The disease imposes a significant psychological burden due to its major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. Given its autoimmune background, vitiligo is frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases. Vitiligo is a multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. In recent years, major predisposing genetic loci for the development of vitiligo have been discovered. Oxidative-stress-mediated activation of innate immunity cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer, and ILC-1 cells is thought to be a key event in the early onset of vitiligo. Innate immunity cells serve as a bridge to adaptive immunity cells including T helper 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and resident memory T cells. IFN-γ is the primary cytokine mediator that activates the JAK/STAT pathway, causing keratinocytes to produce the key chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Complex interactions between immune and non-immune cells finally result in apoptosis of melanocytes.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mycetoma: Development of Diagnosis and Treatment
Mycetoma describes a heterogeneous group of cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by either fungi (eumycetomas) or bacteria (actinomycetomas). It is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms: painless subcutaneous tumor-like swelling, multiple sinuses and fistulas, and discharged grains in pus. This predominantly affects the feet in more than 70% of patients. It is endemic in the “mycetoma belt” regions, including Africa, South America, and South Asia. Autochthonous mycetoma is rare in the United States of America (USA). A Latin American immigrant with eumycetoma in the State of Maryland, USA. With millions of immigrants from endemic regions, the true number of mycetomas in the USA is most likely higher than currently recognized. With the aim to raise the awareness of clinicians about mycetoma, especially dermatologists and podiatrists, the development of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of mycetoma will be updated.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Clinical and Dermoscopic Characteristics of Cutaneous Sarcomas
Under the umbrella of cutaneous sarcomas (CS),  a heterogeneous group of rare, malignant, mesenchymal neoplasia, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, atypical fibroxanthoma, cutaneous undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, cutaneous angiosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma is included. Clinical presentation and histopathological examination are the cornerstone of CS diagnosis and classification. CS are characterized by mostly unspecific dermatoscopic patterns. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and in a lesser degree, cutaneous angiosarcoma, may display distinct dermatoscopic features, facilitating their early clinical recognition. In conclusion, dermatoscopy, in conjunction with the overall clinical context, may aid towards suspicion of CS.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis—Beyond the Skin
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can arise during the first months of life or at maturity and have a significant negative impact on the quality of life. The main pathogenic mechanism is the breakdown of cutaneous barrier integrity, which is associated with systemic inflammatory immunologic disorders. Atopic dermatitis involves numerous immunologic, allergic, respiratory, and ophthalmologic comorbidities that develop through similar intricate pathogenic phenomena.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Erbium Laser for Skin Surgery
The Erbium laser is a very versatile laser system used in dermatology. Its ability to be almost selectively absorbed by water makes it a perfect device for managing various cutaneous skin conditions.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Melanogenesis and Melasma Treatment
Melanin is a complex pigment that provides colour and photoprotection to the skin, hair, and eyes of mammals. Melanogenesis, the process through which melanocytes synthesise melanin, can be altered, producing pigmentary skin disorders such as melasma which result in hyperpigmentation. Melanocytes are highly specialised dendritic cells that transfer melanin to keratinocytes in subcellular lysosome-like organelles called melanosomes, where melanin is synthesised and stored.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physical Therapies in Wound Healing and Assisted Scarring
Wound healing (WH) is a complex multistep process in which a failure could lead to a chronic wound (CW). CW is a major health problem and includes leg venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. CW is difficult to treat and affects vulnerable and pluripathological patients. On the other hand, excessive scarring leads to keloids and hypertrophic scars causing disfiguration and sometimes itchiness and pain. Treatment of WH includes the cleaning and careful handling of injured tissue, early treatment and prevention of infection, and promotion of healing. Treatment of underlying conditions and the use of special dressings promote healing.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Animal-Type Melanoma
Animal-type melanoma (ATM) was first described in the literature by Levene in 1979 in relation to a patient with a characteristic clinical presentation, and only later, rare and anecdotal case series have tried to shed light on an entity that has undergone several nosographic classification changes, and which, since 2018, is classified under the term “pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma”. Here, researchers conduct a brief review of the current literature on ATM and present a new clinical case with histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular investigations.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Demodex Mite in Human Skin
Saprophytic mites called Demodex are commonly found on the skin of adult humans. They are primarily present in the folliculosebaceous units of facial skin and are a part of the normal skin microbiota. When present in low numbers, they do not cause any harm. However, their increased density has been linked to certain skin disorders. For instance, Demodex infestation is frequently observed in rosacea, raising concerns about its role as a contributing factor in this condition.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Feb 2024
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