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Topic Review
Smart Specialisation
Smart specialisation is a concept that catalyses sources of financing and that concentrates the ways of influencing the innovative potential in the regions. 
  • 792
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oil Price and CO2 Emission in GCC Countries
Oil prices, economic growth and rapidly increasing urbanization could have a long-lasting impact on the environment in oil-abundant Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Moreover, the rising oil price has a positive impact on CO2 emissions and shows a scale effect in Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Lastly, urbanization positively affects CO2 emissions in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. Economic growth is found asymmetrical in all GCC countries, and the asymmetrical effect of oil price is also observed in all GCC countries except the UAE. Hence, these countries should impose a carbon tax on energy-intensive urban activities to discourage pollution emissions, and these tax revenues should be utilized to encourage the cleaner use of energy in the urban area. In summary, economic growth is responsible for increasing CO2 emissions in 4 out of 6 GCC countries and increasing oil price is increasing CO2 emissions in 3 out of 6 GCC countries. Overall, GCC countries should speed up the renewable energy transition process by installing renewable energy projects on an urgent basis, which would reduce the environmental consequences of rising oil price and economic growth. 
  • 788
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Italian Agri-Food Sector under COVID-19
Here we have carried out a multidisciplinary analysis of the impact that COVID-19 had on the Italian agri-food sector during the national lockdown. In our opinion, this unprecedented economic crisis could be a turning point to deal with the overall sustainability of agricultural systems and foodstuffs. We suggest to focus on applied research and development, and technology transfer, the so called university “Third Mission,” an area where the role of academia may be crucial and could add not only innovation and valorisation to the production chains of local enterprises, but also support the establishment of business networks in specific production segments.
  • 787
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tourism Industry during Pandemic COVID-19
The tourism industry has always been affected by natural disasters or health crises, but the effects were local and could be combated. The global nature of the COVID-19 crisis has caused a domino effect that has profoundly affected the entire industry at the systemic level. Combating these effects can no longer be done through individual, local measures; a systemic approach is needed to manage the crisis better. There are also positive implications of the COVID-19 crisis on tourism in developed countries that have better addressed the health crisis. Given the traffic restrictions across borders, tourists will choose local facilities that will positively affect national tourism. Less developed countries, which are severely affected by the health crisis and have relied heavily on international tourism, are experiencing a sharp decline in the tourism industry.
  • 784
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Journal JOI
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (JOI, ISSN 2199-8531, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/JOItmC) is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed and open access journal on the open innovation, open business model, entrepreneurship, complexity, and evolutionary change in the economy published quarterly online by MDPI as of May 2018, which has been published from 2015 at the Springer Press by the founding Editor In Chief Prof. Dr. JinHyo Joseph Yun. The Society of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (SOI) is affiliated with JOI. JOI is welcoming additional affiliated academic societies which agree the aim of JOI.
  • 783
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Foundational Economy
Since its 2013 Manifesto for the foundational economy, the Foundational Economy Collective (FEC), a group of (mainly) European researchers, has challenged mainstream thinking about the character of our economy as well as economic policy making. Drawing upon the work of Fernand Braudel, the FEC argues for an understanding of the economy as composed of different zones, with the foundational economy vital for our everyday life. This includes inter alia provision of electricity and water, garbage disposal, food supply, education, health, care, social housing, and police. These activities constitute capitalism’s non-capitalist foundation, the “everyday communism” (Streeck) that sustains and enables it. This entry provides an overview of the genesis and development of foundational thinking.
  • 774
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
International Monetary Systems
An international monetary system is a set of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. It should provide means of payment acceptable to buyers and sellers of different nationalities, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, it needs to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade, and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The system can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, it can arise from a single architectural vision, as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.
  • 771
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Slow City Concept in Cittaslow
The slow city concept is associated with great care for the protection of the natural environment and the use of renewable energy sources.
  • 767
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Digital Finance on Regional Carbon Emissions
China is currently in the process of industrialization, and the excessive consumption of fossil energy results in a significant increase in carbon emissions. With the significant development of information technology and the digital economy, digital finance has gradually become a new model that affects human activities, motivating us to explore the relationship between digital finance and carbon emissions.
  • 753
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Energy and Industry 4.0 Nexus in Spain
Technological development has profoundly marked the evolution of the economy. The constant changes brought about by scientific and technological advances have been decisive in the transition from an analogue to a digital world. In this context, the impact of the fourth industrial revolution (or Industry 4.0) manifests itself in many ways. Environmental impact is one of these. The energy sector has been evolving and changing just like the economy and society. 
  • 746
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Organizational Self-Management
Organizational Self-management, also referred to as Workers' Self-management, Labor Management and Autogestión (see also workers' control, industrial democracy, democratic management and worker cooperative), is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce. Self-management is a characteristic of many forms of socialism, with proposals for Self-management having appeared many times throughout the history of the socialist movement, advocated variously by libertarian and market socialists, communists and anarchists. There are many variations of Self-management. In some variants, all the worker-members manage the enterprise directly through assemblies while in other forms workers exercise management functions indirectly through the election of specialist managers. Self-management may include worker supervision and oversight of an organization by elected bodies, the election of specialized managers, or self-directed management without any specialized managers as such. The goals of self-management are to improve performance by granting workers greater autonomy in their day-to-day operations, boosting morale, reducing alienation and eliminating exploitation when paired with employee ownership. An enterprise that is self-managed is referred to as a labour-managed firm. Self-management refers to control rights within a productive organization, being distinct from the questions of ownership and what economic system the organization operates under. Self-management of an organization may coincide with employee ownership of that organization, but Self-management can also exist in the context of organizations under public ownership and to a limited extent within private companies in the form of co-determination and worker representation on the board of directors.
  • 741
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economic
The circular economy (CE) is arising as a novel economic system that is restorative by design. In light of its capability to boost sustainable economic development and to cope with environmental challenges, it has recently attracted increasing attention from academics, practitioners, policymakers, and intergovernmental organizations. 
  • 739
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Dual Cycle Development Pattern
China has proposed a dual cycle development pattern. The dual cycle is primarily based on the domestic large-scale cycle. Under the circumstance of high uncertainty in the external environment, the domestic industrial base is strong, the industrial chain is complete, and the strategic maneuvering space is large. The characteristics of the super large market scale, smooth production, distribution, circulation, consumption, and other aspects of economic operation promote the realization of internal self-circulation, including supply and demand circulation, industrial circulation, regional circulation, urban and rural circulation, and factor circulation. 
  • 734
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis
Environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA) is used in environmental accounting as a tool which reflects production and consumption structures within one or several economies. As such, it is becoming an important addition to material flow accounting.
  • 723
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pension Information
A wide array of research has investigated the effects of pension information on different individuals’ economic outcomes. While many studies show that information provision increases knowledge, the evidence is mixed regarding its effects on behavior. Nevertheless, examining different studies, some conclusions can be elicited about the effects of pension information on three broad areas of economic behavior: retirement planning, labor supply, and savings decisions. Specifically, the provision of pension information not only increases workers’ knowledge about their benefits, but it also fosters individuals’ retirement planning and decision making. Looking at individuals’ labor supply, our review of the literature showed that only correctly informed workers are responsive to the incentives to work longer. Finally, information letters and other educational interventions such as seminars are found to increase both enrollment in retirement plans and the amount of contributions. We also highlight that the lack of knowledge prevalently hits the most vulnerable individuals in the society, such as women. As a consequence, not providing sufficient information could contribute to widening the gender gap in pensions.
  • 716
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Digitalisation in the Energy Sector Enterprisess
The energy sector is an important sector of the economy, determining the socio-economic development of each country and, globally, having a strong impact on the environment and climate change. This makes energy an area of the global economy where major technological and organisational transformations are taking place, based on a wide range of digital innovations being implemented.
  • 715
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Financial Inclusion Drivers
Usage, digitalization, and FinTech emerged as significant drivers of financial inclusion (FI). Drivers of FI, viz., the usage indicator, digitalization, and FinTech, are positively associated with financial inclusion and with the mediation of financial literacy, and they positively influence sustainable growth. Sustainable growth has been measured through customers’ perceptions regarding the success of FI through the achievement of selected SDGs. Further, there is also a positive relation between financial initiatives and sustainable growth.
  • 711
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Social Security
Social security is "any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income". In the United States, this is usually called welfare or a social safety net, especially when talking about Canada and European countries. Social security is asserted in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: In simple terms, the signatories agree that the society in which a person lives should help them to develop and to make the most of all the advantages (culture, work, social welfare) which are offered to them in the country. Social security may also refer to the action programs of an organization intended to promote the welfare of the population through assistance measures guaranteeing access to sufficient resources for food and shelter and to promote health and well-being for the population at large and potentially vulnerable segments such as children, the elderly, the sick and the unemployed. Services providing social security are often called social services. Terminology in this area is somewhat different in the United States from in the rest of the English-speaking world. The general term for an action program in support of the well being of poor people in the United States is welfare program, and the general term for all such programs is simply welfare. In American society, the term welfare arguably has negative connotations. In the United States, the term Social Security refers to the US social insurance program for all retired and disabled people. Elsewhere the term is used in a much broader sense, referring to the economic security society offers when people are faced with certain risks. In its 1952 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention (nr. 102), the International Labour Organization (ILO) defined the traditional contingencies covered by social security as including: People who cannot reach a guaranteed social minimum for other reasons may be eligible for social assistance (or welfare, in American English). Modern authors often consider the ILO approach too narrow. In their view, social security is not limited to the provision of cash transfers, but also aims at security of work, health, and social participation; and new social risks (single parenthood, the reconciliation of work and family life) should be included in the list as well. Social security may refer to: A report published by the ILO in 2014 estimated that only 27% of the world's population has access to comprehensive social security.
  • 709
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy (CE)
The circular economy (CE) is considered one of the best solutions to support sustainable development. The CE is utilized because the earth is a closed economic system, and all business activities of production and consumption must be based on a secure dual system.
  • 708
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Effect of COVID-19 on International Trade
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been detrimental to all countries, despite the continuous efforts of governments on all continents to attempt to mitigate its damaging effects. All economic and social indicators have worsened. COVID-19 impact was evident in all countries, but not with the same strength.
  • 701
  • 18 Mar 2022
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