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Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are molecules that simultaneously bind two different antigens (Ags). Their development represents a very active field in tumor immunotherapy with more than one hundred molecules currently being tested. More specifically, bsAbs have elicited a great interest in the setting of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs), where they could represent a viable option for more fragile patients or those resistant to conventional therapies.
  • 744
  • 04 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Cytological approaches have long been used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic neoplasms. Technological advances in molecular biology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to establish a molecular list of several gene mutations in AML and MDS, within a matter of days.
  • 744
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B&C
Hepatitis B and C viral infections, which are the most common cause of liver infection worldwide, are major health issues around the globe. People with chronic hepatitis infections remain at risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, while also being a risk to other diseases. These infections are highly contagious in nature, and the prevention of hepatitis B and C transmission during blood transfusion is a major challenge for healthcare workers. Although epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B and C infections in blood donors in Saudi Arabia have been previously investigated in multiple studies, due to targeted cohorts and the vast geographical distribution of Saudi Arabia, there are a lot of missing data points, which necessitates further investigations. Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections among blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: To determine the given objectives, a retrospective study was performed which included data gathered from serological as well as nucleic acid test (NAT) screening of blood donors. Clinical data of 3733 blood donors were collected for a period of 2 years (from January 2019 to December 2020) at the blood bank of King Khalid General Hospital and the associated blood banks and donation camps in the region. Statistical analysis of the clinical data was performed using SPSS. Results: The blood samples of 3733 donors were analyzed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the total of 3733 blood donors, 3645 (97.65%) were men and 88 (2.36%) were women. Most of the donors were younger than 27 years of age (n = 1494). The most frequent blood group in our study was O-positive (n = 1534), and the least frequent was AB-negative (n = 29). After statistically analyzing the clinical data, we observed that 7 (0.19%), 203 (5.44%) and 260 (6.96%) donor blood samples were positive for the HBV serological markers HBsAgs, HBsAbs and HBcAbs, respectively, and 12 (0.32%) blood samples reacted positively to anti-HCV antibodies. Moreover, 10 (0.27%) and 1 (0.027%) samples were NAT-HBV positive and NAT-HCV positive, respectively. Conclusion: In the current study, low prevalence rates of HBV and HCV were observed in the blood donors. Statistical correlations indicated that both serological tests and NATs are highly effective in screening potential blood donors for HBV and HCV, which, in turn, prevents potential transfusion-transmitted hepatitis. 
  • 743
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Toll-like Receptors in Hematology
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. 
  • 739
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
MiRNA-Based Therapies in NHL
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a very heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies originating from different stages of B-cell (~90% of the cases) and T-cell or NK-cell differentiation. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the functional roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in lymphoma onset and progression, either by acting as tumor-promoting ncRNAs or as tumor suppressors, emphasizing their appeal as lymphoma therapeutics. In fact, their intrinsic ability to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways makes them an attractive therapeutic approach for a multifactorial pathology like lymphoma.
  • 735
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Primary Bone Lymphoma
Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of malignant lymphoid cells presenting with one or more bone lesions without nodal or other extranodal involvement. It accounts for approximately 1% of all lymphomas and 7% of malignant primary bone tumors.
  • 735
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Factors Associated with Post-Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cytopenias
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising treatment option for patients suffering from B-cell- and plasma cell-derived hematologic malignancies and is being adapted for the treatment of solid cancers. CAR T is usually associated with cytopenias. These are often biphasic and sometimes prolonged over several months. Cytopenias often lead to infections, need for transfusions of blood products, and increased CAR T morbidity.
  • 734
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Landscape of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas
T-cell lymphomas are a relatively rare group of malignancies with a diverse range of pathologic features and clinical behaviors. Recent molecular studies have revealed a wide array of different mechanisms that drive the development of these malignancies and may be associated with resistance to therapies. 
  • 727
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mutations and Biomarkers of DNA Damage in Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by several genetic abnormalities, including chromosomal translocations, genomic deletions and gains, and point mutations. DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms are altered in MM to allow for tumor development, progression, and resistance to therapies.
  • 727
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Priapism at Diagnosis of Pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a very rare malignancy (age-related incidence 0.1/100,000) typically presenting with leucocyte counts >100,000/µL. However, clinical signs of leukostasis are observed at diagnosis in only approximately 10% of all cases and among these, priapism is infrequent.
  • 725
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia is a clonal disorder characterized by malignant transformation of the hematopoietic stem cell. The incidence and the outcome remain inferior when compared to pediatric ALL, although prognosis has improved in the last decades, with 80% overall survival rate reported in some studies. The standard therapeutic approach is a combined cytarabine and anthracycline-based regimen followed by consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) for high-risk AML and allo-SCT for non-high-risk patients only in second complete remission after relapse.
  • 722
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Hypomethylating Agents Failure
Hypomethylating agents (HMA) such as azacitidine and decitabine are a mainstay in the current management of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as either single agents or in multidrug combinations. Resistance to HMA is not uncommon, and it can result due to several tumor cellular adaptations. Several clinical and genomic factors have been identified as predictors of HMA resistance. However, the management of MDS/AML patients after the failure of HMA remains challenging in the absence of standardized guidelines.
  • 709
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in the Progression of Multiple Myeloma
The immunosuppressive multiple myeloma bone marrow microenvironment consists of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated M2-like macrophages (M2 TAMs), N2 neutrophils, regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). 
  • 705
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs for Leukemia
Early-stage leukemia identification is crucial for effective disease management and leads to an improvement in the survival of leukemia patients. Approaches based on cutting-edge biomarkers with excellent accuracy in body liquids provide patients with the possibility of early diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity. Non-coding RNAs have received a great deal of interest as possible biomarkers in leukemia due to their participation in crucial oncogenic processes such as proliferation, differentiation, invasion, apoptosis, and their availability in body fluids. Studies have revealed a strong correlation between leukemia and the deregulated non-coding RNAs. On this basis, these RNAs are also great therapeutic targets. 
  • 705
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Myeloproliferative Related Dermatosis with Indolent Clinical Outcomes
Myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias include different entities that have been recently re-classified taking into account molecular and clinicopathological features. Two major articles were published in 2022, the ICC and the WHO classifications. The myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) category comprises a heterogeneous group of hybrid neoplastic myeloid diseases characterized by the co-occurrence of clinical and pathological features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The most frequent entity in this category is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) which is, after acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the main myeloid disorder prone to develop cutaneous manifestations.
  • 703
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Interleukins and Thrombopoiesis
Interleukins, a diverse family of cytokines produced by various cells, play crucial roles in immune responses, immunoregulation, and a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In the context of megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and platelet function, interleukins have emerged as key regulators, exerting significant influence on the development, maturation, and activity of megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets. 
  • 703
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Approach to Immune Thrombocytopenia
Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a complex autoimmune disease whose hallmark is a deregulation of cellular and humoral immunity leading to increased destruction and reduced production of platelets. The heterogeneity of presentation and clinical course hampers personalized approaches for diagnosis and management.
  • 702
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Therapies for Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) arises directly from pDC over-expansion. BPDCN is a rare hemopathy classified among acute myeloid leukemia (AML) since 2008 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As a specific entity since 2016, it represents <1% of AML. No benchmark treatment exists for BPDCN. Since this rare malignancy is chemo-sensitive, chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains an effective treatment. However, relapses frequently occur with the development of resistance. New options arising with the development of therapies targeting signaling pathways and epigenetic dysregulation have shown promising results. 
  • 698
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gilteritinib
Gilteritinib is a next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) primarily targeting FLT3FLT3 and AXL (an onco-genic tyrosine kinase) receptors. 
  • 698
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Advancements and Considerations in HSCT for CML
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients has transitioned from the standard of care to a treatment option limited to those with unsatisfactory tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) responses and advanced disease stages. In recent years, the threshold for undergoing HSCT has increased. Most CML patients now have life expectancies comparable to the general population, and therefore, the goal of therapy is shifting toward achieving treatment-free remission (TFR). While TKI discontinuation trials in CML show potential for achieving TFR, relapse risk is high, affirming allogeneic HSCT as the sole curative treatment. HSCT should be incorporated into treatment algorithms from the time of diagnosis and, in some patients, evaluated as soon as possible.
  • 698
  • 21 Feb 2024
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