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Topic Review
Extraction of Anthocyanins by High-Hydrostatic-Pressure and Ultra-High-Pressure-Homogenization
The use of high-pressure technologies is a hot topic in food science because of the potential for a gentle process in which spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms can be eliminated; these technologies also have effects on the extraction, preservation, and modification of some constituents. Anthocyanins can be rapidly extracted from skins using High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and cell fragments using Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH), releasing them and facilitating their diffusion into the liquid quickly. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) techniques are gentle and protective of sensitive molecules such as phenols, terpenes, and vitamins. Both techniques are non-thermal technologies with mild temperatures and residence times.
  • 378
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Interaction between Herbicides and the Nitrogen Cycle
The interaction of herbicides in the nitrogen cycle and their consequences on soil health and agricultural production are essential topics in agronomic research. 
  • 371
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Drift Technology of Plant Protection Machinery
In orchard plant protection application, an anti-drift strategy can effectively reduce drift in the non-target area, reduce spray drift in the environment, and avoid spray leakage and overspraying. 
  • 368
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms behind the Guar Drought Tolerance
Guar is an unpretentious plant and grows on both sandy and well-drained clay soils. Guar is self-pollinating with a negligible level of cross-pollination. The plants considerably vary in height (from 50 cm to 1.5 m). The stem is sturdy, becoming woody by the plant maturation. The main root is thick and tapering in its distal parts, deeply penetrating into the soil. Due to this, guar can perfectly sustain short-term drought. 
  • 362
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Orange-Fruit Detection in a Dynamic Environment
Agricultural robots play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of agriculture. Fruit detection is an essential part of orange-harvesting robot design. Ripe oranges need to be detected accurately in an orchard so they can be successfully picked. Accurate fruit detection in the orchard is significantly hindered by the challenges posed by the illumination and occlusion of fruit. Hence, it is important to detect fruit in a dynamic environment based on real-time data.
  • 353
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sugarcane Bagasse as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
Lignocellulosic biomass is a powerful approach to produce sustainable biofuels and the further achievement of the goal of biomass conversion into a second-generation clean energy that can cope with the depletion of fossil reserves and rising energy requirements. In the conversion process, a pretreatment is essential to overcome the recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic biomass; accelerate its disintegration into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; and, in turn, obtain an optimal yield of fermentable sugars in the enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition to this, it should be industrially scalable and capable of enhancing fuel properties and feedstock processability. Here, steam explosion technology has stood out due to its results and advantages, such as wide applicability, high efficiency in the short term, or lack of contamination despite its conventionality. 
  • 331
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Wheat Fusarium Head Blight
Fusarium has become a major impediment to stable wheat production in many regions worldwide. Infected wheat plants not only experience reduced yield and quality but their spikes generate toxins that pose a significant threat to human and animal health. There are two primary methods for effectively controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB): spraying quantitative chemical agents and breeding disease-resistant wheat varieties. The premise of both methods is to accurately diagnosis the severity of wheat FHB in real time.
  • 328
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Discrete Element Method in Soil–Plant–Machine Interactions
The discrete element method (DEM) is a promising numerical method that can simulate dynamic behaviors of particle systems at micro levels of individual particles and at macro levels of bulk material.
  • 323
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Use of Biofuels and (Bio)lubricants in Compression-Ignition Engines
The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as “ternary blends”) is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The technical challenges and the main research pathways are presented herein.
  • 315
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Technologies and Equipment of Mechanized Blossom Thinning in Orchards
Based on relevant reports in the past 20 years, the current level of development of mechanized blossom thinning technologies and equipment in orchards from three aspects: mechanism research, machine development, and intelligent upgrading are discussed here.
  • 314
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Predictive Control for Small Unmanned Ground Vehicles
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, and data fusion technology, car driving tends to be intelligent and unmanned. However, UGV path tracking control is a strongly nonlinear process, which contains time-varying characteristics, uncertainty, etc., and a precise mathematical model is difficult to obtain. Tracking control of Small Unmanned Ground Vehicles (SUGVs) is easily affected by the nonlinearity and time-varying characteristics. As artificial intelligence develops, neural networks can solve the above problem well due to their nonlinear approximation capabilities.
  • 312
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Smart Farming and Internet of Things Platform
Nepal, a lower-middle-income country in South Asia, predominantly features smallholder farming communities operating on modest land holdings. These smallholders often adhere to traditional farming methods, relying on familial labor, which has become increasingly inefficient in contemporary agricultural landscapes. To enhance their productivity and efficiency, smallholder farmers require affordable and accessible Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems. 
  • 296
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies for Sustainable Environmental Development
Biomass is defined as organic matter originating from living plants that can be naturally replenished or renewed. Biomass waste can be converted into valuable resources with high efficiency and low cost, which can save money and conserve natural resources. Biomass conversion is the process of converting organic matter from biomass into usable forms of energy and high-value products.
  • 289
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lightweight Fault-Detection Scheme for Solar Insecticidal Lamp IoTs
The Solar Insecticidal Lamp Internet of Things (SIL-IoTs) is an emerging paradigm that extends Internet of Things (IoT) technology to agricultural-enabled electronic devices. Ensuring the dependability and safety of SIL-IoTs is crucial for pest monitoring, prediction, and prevention.
  • 274
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twins Concept Integration in Livestock Farming
The potential application of the digital twins concept and its principles to all industries, including agriculture, has been the subject of considerable research interest. Since livestock farming is one of the mainstays of the agricultural industry, contributing to food security as well as employment and income generation, digital twins appear to be a promising technology to address issues related to the intensive nature of livestock production systems, which are typically characterized by high levels of input and output.
  • 273
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Benefits of Non-Commercial Urban Agricultural Practices
Urban agriculture refers to any type of activity located within or around a city designed to provide ecosystem services. Given the rapid population growth and urbanization, urban agriculture is seen as a potential alternative route to a more sustainable urban food system. Indeed, it has multiple functions, contributing to a variety of outcomes associated with localized urban food systems, including food access, food and agriculture education, community building, and civic engagement. Moreover, implementing non-commercial urban agricultural practices has multifaced social, economic, and environmental benefits, such as improving people’s health, reducing expenditure on food and creating sustainable cities, highlighting the need to recognize the multifaceted role of non-commercial urban agricultural practices in promoting a more sustainable lifestyle and strengthening local communities and engagement.
  • 269
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Autonomous Navigation of Agricultural Robots
Regarding agricultural harvesting robots, they typically consist of mobile platforms carrying robotic arms. These robots require advanced vision systems, employing adaptive thresholding algorithms, as well as texture-based methods and color shape characteristic extraction, to identify target fruits.
  • 264
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Aging of Polymers under Electromagnetic Radiation
Polymeric materials degrade as they react with environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and humidity. Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun’s ultraviolet rays weakens the mechanical properties of polymers, causing them to degrade.
  • 195
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Control Algorithms of Agriculture Autonomous All-Terrain Vehicles
This review paper discusses the development trends of agricultural autonomous all-terrain vehicles (AATVs) from four cornerstones, such as (1) control strategy and algorithms, (2) sensors, (3) data communication tools and systems, and (4) controllers and actuators, based on 221 papers published in peer-reviewed journals for 1960–2023. The paper highlights a comparative analysis of commonly employed control methods and algorithms by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. It gives comparative analyses of sensors, data communication tools, actuators, and hardware-embedded controllers. In recent years, many novel developments in AATVs have been made due to advancements in wireless and remote communication, high-speed data processors, sensors, computer vision, and broader applications of AI tools. Technical advancements in fully autonomous control of AATVs remain limited, requiring research into accurate estimation of terrain mechanics, identifying uncertainties, and making fast and accurate decisions, as well as utilizing wireless communication and edge cloud computing. Furthermore, most of the developments are at the research level and have many practical limitations due to terrain and weather conditions.  
  • 188
  • 21 Feb 2024
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