You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems
Natural compounds and biopolymers materials contribute to protective matrices that safeguard wood surfaces against diverse challenges. Essential oils, vegetable oils, and bio-based polymers are explored for their potential in crafting eco-friendly and durable coating matrices. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
UV-A Photocatalysis in Livestock and Poultry Farming
As the scale of the livestock industry has grown with the increase in the demand for livestock and poultry products, gaseous emissions, an unwanted side effect of livestock and poultry production, are also increasing. Various mitigation technologies have been developed to reduce such air pollution, and the mitigation technologies are divided mainly into “source-based type” (meant to fundamentally reduce the emissions) and “end-of-pipe type” (physicochemical and biological treatment of the output from barns to reduce the release into the environment). Ultraviolet light (UV) can be considered as both end-of-pipe (treating exhaust air from barns) and source-based type (treating air inside the barn).
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Polymer Composites Carbonaceous Materials Coated
Carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites have high mechanical properties that make them exemplary engineered materials to carry loads and stresses. Coupling fibre and matrix together require good understanding of not only fibre morphology but also matrix rheology. One way of having a strongly coupled fibre and matrix interface is to size the reinforcing fibres by means of micro- or nanocarbon materials coating on the fibre surface. Common coating materials used are carbon nanotubes and nanofibres and graphene, and more recently carbon black (colloidal particles of virtually pure elemental carbon) and graphite. There are several chemical, thermal, and electrochemical processes that are used for coating the carbonous materials onto a carbon fibre surface. Sizing of fibres provides higher interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix and allows better fibre wetting by the surrounded matrix material.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Effects of TBR on GaN-based Semiconductor Devices
Wide-bandgap gallium nitride (GaN)-based semiconductors offer significant advantages over traditional Si-based semiconductors in terms of high-power and high-frequency operations. As it has superior properties, such as high operating temperatures, high-frequency operation, high breakdown electric field, and enhanced radiation resistance, GaN is applied in various fields, such as power electronic devices, renewable energy systems, light-emitting diodes, and radio frequency (RF) electronic devices. When a current flows through the transistor channels during operation, the self-heating effect (SHE) deriving from joule heat generation causes a significant increase in the temperature. Increases in the channel temperature reduce the carrier mobility and cause a shift in the threshold voltage, resulting in significant performance degradation. Moreover, temperature increases cause substantial lifetime reductions. Accordingly, GaN-based HEMTs are operated at a low power, although they have demonstrated high RF output power potential. The SHE is expected to be even more important in future advanced technology designs, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistor (GAAFET) and three-dimensional (3D) IC architectures. Materials with high thermal conductivities, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and diamond, are good candidates as substrates for heat dissipation in GaN-based semiconductors. However, the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of the GaN/substrate interface is a bottleneck for heat dissipation.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanocrystalline Doped Diamond for Photocatalytic
Nitrogen impurity has been introduced in diamond film to produce a nitrogen vacancy center (NV center) toward the solvated electron-initiated reduction of N2 to NH3 in liquids, giving rise to extend the wavelength region beyond the diamond’s band. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrate the formation of the nanocrystalline nitrogen-doped diamond with an average diameter of ten nanometers. Raman spectroscopy and PhotoLuminescence (PL) spectrum show characteristics of the NV0 and NV− charge states. Measurements of photocatalytic activity using supraband (λ < 225 nm) gap and sub-band gap (λ > 225 nm) excitation show the nitrogen-doped diamond significantly enhanced the ability to reduce N2 to NH3 compared to the polycrystalline diamond and single crystal diamond (SCD). Our results suggest an important process of internal photoemission, in which electrons are excited from negative charge states into conduction band edges, presenting remarkable photoinitiated electrons under ultraviolet and visible light. Other factors, including transitions between defect levels and processes of reaction, are also discussed. This approach can be especially advantageous to such as N2 and CO2 that bind only weakly to most surfaces and high energy conditions.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Titan-based alloys
Titan-based alloys are the most-utilized materials in dental implantology, due to their physical and chemical properties. The various components of the oral environment should be considered in order to obtain a good stability of dental reconstructions. Salivary ions, proteins, enzymes, and microorganisms of the oral biofilm, may interact with and influence the implant's corrosion process. Peri-implantitis is a multifactorial process which needs to be properly addressed in order to prevent secondary implant failure. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Electrodeposition of Iron Selenide
Metal selenide materials have attracted attention due to their wide application prospects. In this family of materials, FeSe is particularly studied since it is both a semiconductor used in solar cells and a superconductor with a critical transition temperature, Tc, of 8 K. For any envisaged application, the possibility of preparing large-area FeSe thin films at low cost is extremely appealing, and one possible technique suitable for this purpose is electrodeposition. Several groups have reported successful electrodeposition of FeSe, but the investigated systems are different in many aspects, and the results are difficult to compare.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Laser Cladding Alloying and Composite of Steel Materials
Laser cladding technology is a reliable and efficient surface modification technology, which has been widely used in surface alloying and composite processing of steel materials. Laser cladding alloying and compounding can enhance the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of steel materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nano-, Micro- and Macro-Scale Impact Tests
Impact resistance is critical in many applications of coating systems involving highly loaded mechanical contact. Nano-impact testing utilises the depth-sensing capability of a multifunctional nanomechanical test system (NanoTest system, Micro Materials Ltd., Wrexham, UK) to perform impact testing at strain rates that are several orders of magnitude higher than those in quasi-static indentation tests.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biodegradable Film Materials for Packaging
In today’s world, the problem of “white pollution” is becoming more and more serious, and many countries have paid special attention to this problem, and it has become one of the most important tasks to reduce polymer waste and to protect the environment. Due to the degradability, safety, economy and practicality of biodegradable packaging film materials, biodegradable packaging film materials have become a major trend in the packaging industry to replace traditional packaging film materials, provided that the packaging performance requirements are met. Degraded plastics are plastics that have been subjected to defined environmental conditions for a period of time and contain one or more steps that result in significant changes in the chemical structure of the material resulting in loss of certain properties (such as integrity, molecular mass, structure or mechanical strength) and/or fragmentation.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Surface modification of dental implants
Dental implants are widely used in the field of oral restoration, but there are still problems leading to implant failures in clinical application, such as failed osseointegration, marginal bone resorption, and peri-implantitis, which restrict the success rate of dental implants and patient satisfaction. Poor osseointegration and bacterial infection are the most essential reasons resulting in implant failure. To improve the clinical outcomes of implants, many scholars devoted to modifying the surface of implants, especially to preparing different physical and chemical modifications to improve the osseointegration between alveolar bone and implant surface. Besides, the bioactive-coatings to promote the adhesion and colonization of ossteointegration-related proteins and cells also aim to improve the osseointegration. Meanwhile, improving the anti-bacterial performance of the implant surface can obstruct the adhesion and activity of bacteria, avoiding the occurrence of inflammation related to implants.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Natural Polymeric Carbohydrate-Based Antibiofilm Materials
Natural biopolymers, especially carbohydrates, show excellent material properties, such as mechanical strength, plasticity, and biodegradability. In addition, the anionic charges of hydrophilic polysaccharides (such as sulfate polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, etc.) allow ionic attraction with metal ions or organic salts, and thereby they achieve antibacterial material properties. These antibacterial materials can be used to make implants for biomedical use. However, in-vivo compatibility remains a major limitation of such polymeric materials. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Self-Polymerization Mechanisms and Catalytic Reactions of PDA
Polydopamine (PDA), inspired by the adhesive mussel foot proteins, is widely applied in chemical, biological, medical, and material science due to its unique surface coating capability and abundant active sites.  Recently, PDA was introduced into Energetic Materials for the modification of crystal phase stability and the interfacial bonding effect, and, as a result, to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and safety performances.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Properties of TiO2 Films
For many years, TiO2-based materials and improving their properties in order to expand their application areas have been the focus of numerous research groups. Various innovative approaches have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic and gas-sensing properties of TiO2 nanostructures.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Micro/Nano Soft Film Sensors for Intelligent Plant Systems
Being abundant as natural intelligence, plants have attracted huge attention from researchers. Soft film sensors present a novel and promising approach to connect plants with artificial devices, helping researchers to investigate plants’ intelligence further. For micro/nano soft film sensors that can be used for establishing intelligent plant systems are summarized, including essential materials, fabrications, and application scenarios.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Geothermal Heat Exchangers
Geothermal energy is likely to be a significant contributor in achieving sustainable energy goals and net-zero emissions targets. Within geothermal power plants, heat exchangers play a critical role in harnessing this renewable energy source. However, these heat exchangers encounter significant challenges when exposed to geothermal fluids, including erosion, corrosion, and scaling, which adversely affects their performance and longevity.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coating Types on the Surface of Aluminum Alloy
Aluminum alloy is widely used in many fields for its excellent performance. However, in practical application, aluminum alloy is easy to become corroded and be invalidated, owing to the influence of environmental factors. Some pollutants or corrosive media q5 its surface adhesion will further deepen the failure rate of aluminum alloy, resulting in a large amount of workforce waste, waste of material and financial resources, and energy consumption. So the anti-corrosion and anti-fouling treatment of aluminum alloy surfaces to expand their practical application range and reduce energy loss are of great significance.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polysiloxane-Based Electrolytes
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a very promising solution as remote sustainable low power sources for portable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their room-temperature and low-cost fabrication, as well as their high efficiency under artificial light. In addition, new achievements in developing semitransparent devices are driving interest in their implementation in the building sector. However, the main obstacle towards the large-scale exploitation of DSSCs mainly concerns their limited long-term stability triggered by the use of liquid electrolytes. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Migration and Safety of Plastic Food Packaging Materials
The conventional packaging materials used for the preservation of foods may exhibit many disadvantages that are related to the migration of micromolecular chemical substances incorporated in the packaging material net to the packaged food. There are many chemical substances in the matrix of plastic packaging materials and epoxy-resins that are used in food packaging materials, varnishes, and can coatings. Many migrants have high toxicity, such as acetaldehyde, antimony, antimony (III) oxide, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) phosphate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, bisphenol A, and the plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl-butylphthalate, di-isononylphthalate, and di-isododecylphthalate.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Natural and Modified Cyclodextrins as Packaging Additives
Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been used by the pharmaceutical and food industries since the 1970s. Their cavities allow the accommodation of several hydrophobic molecules, leading to the formation of inclusion complexes (ICs) increasing the guest molecules’ stability, allowing their controlled release, enhancing their water solubility and biodisponibility.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 12
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback