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Topic Review
MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders
Mitochondrial-derived peptides are a family of peptides encoded by short open reading frames in the mitochondrial genome, which have regulatory effects on mitochondrial functions, gene expression, and metabolic homeostasis of the body. As a new member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide family, mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is regarding a peptide hormone that could reduce insulin resistance, prevent obesity, improve muscle function, promote bone metabolism, enhance immune regulation, and postpone aging. MOTS-c plays these physiological functions mainly through activating the AICAR-AMPK signaling pathways by disrupting the folate-methionine cycle in cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Image Segmentation Techniques
Image segmentation, which has become a research hotspot in the field of image processing and computer vision, refers to the process of dividing an image into meaningful and non-overlapping regions, and it is an essential step in natural scene understanding. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Barnase-Barstar Pair in Cancer Research and Nanotechnology
Barnase is an extracellular ribonuclease secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that was originally studied as a small stable enzyme with robust folding. The identification of barnase intracellular inhibitor barstar led to the discovery of an incredibly strong protein-protein interaction. Together, barnase and barstar provide a fully genetically encoded toxin-antitoxin pair having an extremely low dissociation constant. Moreover, compared to other dimerization systems, the barnase-barstar module provides the exact one-to-one ratio of the complex components and possesses high stability of each component in a complex and high solubility in aqueous solutions without self-aggregation. The unique properties of barnase and barstar allow the application of this pair for the engineering of different variants of targeted anticancer compounds and cytotoxic supramolecular complexes. Using barnase in suicide gene therapy has also found its niche in anticancer therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Sunscreen Ingredients in an Aquatic Environment
Sunscreens have become a product based on increasingly complex formulations that include, among many ingredients, a mixture of UV filters to provide optimal sun ultraviolet radiation protection. A significant group of scientific works deals with the impact of UV filters in aquatic media. However, the knowledge of the mechanism and kinetics of the compound’s direct release, fate, and its transformation and interaction with living organisms is necessary to assess its environmental occurrence and behavior and to predict potential and real impacts on the aquatic environment. The physical‐chemical properties, photodegradation, and release kinetics of particles and chemicals into the water are studied by hydrodynamic and kinetic models. Direct photolysis of chemicals is modeled as pseudofirst‐order kinetics, while the indirect pathway by the reaction of sunscreen with reactive oxygen species is described as second‐order kinetics. The interaction of UV filters with marine biota is studied mainly by toxicokinetic models, which predict their bio‐accumulation in the organisms’ tissues. These models consider the chemicals’ uptake and excretion, as well as their transfer between different internal animal organs, as a first‐order kinetic process.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Role of Interleukins in Wound Healing
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair processes, including wound healing.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Endothelial Cell
Tumor progression relies on angiogenesis from established normal vasculature to form new tumor blood vessels. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) in the tumor blood vessels maintain tumor vessel formation through continual angiogenesis. TECs are heterogeneous with a diverse cellular origin. Moreover, the various factors and conditions in the tumor microenvironment elicit specific characteristics in TECs differentiating them from endothelial cells in normal vessels. TECs are the main focus of antiangiogenesis strategies, and their unique features make tumor blood vessels good anti-cancer therapeutic targets.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TCR Therapy of Cancer
A thorough overview of principles, recent technological breakthroughs, and current status of TCR gene therapy for cancer.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Proteins in Solid Pharmaceutical Forms
Therapeutic proteins as biopharmaceuticals have emerged as a very important class of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, they are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Their long-term stability in solid forms, which is critical for product performance, depends heavily on the retention of the native protein structure during the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process and, thereafter, in the solid state. Indeed, the biological function of proteins is directly related to the tertiary and secondary structure. Besides physical stability and biological activity, conformational stability (three-dimensional structure) is another important aspect when dealing with protein pharmaceuticals. Moreover, denaturation as loss of higher order structure is often a precursor to aggregation or chemical instability. Careful study of the physical and chemical properties of proteins in the dried state is therefore critical during biopharmaceutical drug development to deliver a final drug product with built-in quality that is safe, high-quality, efficient, and affordable for patients. This review provides an overview of common analytical techniques suitable for characterizing pharmaceutical protein powders, providing structural, and conformational information, as well as insights into dynamics. Such information can be very useful in formulation development, where selecting the best formulation for the drug can be quite a challenge
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Metal Doped PVA Films
Polyvinyl alcohol is unique among polymers. Apart from its preparation, it is not built up in polymerization reactions from monomers, unlike most vinyl-polymers, and it is biodegradable in the presence of suitably acclimated microorganisms.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Glucose Variability: Molecular Biology
Glucose variability (GV) plays a role in the development of the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Current data indicate that the deteriorating effect of GV on target organs can be realized through oxidative stress, glycation, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, impaired angiogenesis and renal fibrosis. The effects of GV on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability could be aggravated by hypoglycemia, associated with high GV. Oscillating hyperglycemia contributes to beta cell dysfunction, which leads to a further increase in GV and completes the vicious circle. In cells, the GV-induced cytotoxic effect includes mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbances in autophagic flux, which are accompanied by reduced viability, activation of apoptosis and abnormalities in cell proliferation. These effects are realized through the up- and down-regulation of a large number of genes and the activity of signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK (ERK), JNK and TGF-β/Smad. Epigenetic modifications mediate the postponed effects of glucose fluctuations. The multiple deteriorative effects of GV provide further support for considering it as a therapeutic target in diabetes.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Model Predictive Control for Microgrid
In recent times, microgrids (MG) have emerged as solution approach to establishing resilient power systems. However, the integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) comes with a high degree of uncertainties due to heavy dependency on weather conditions. Hence, improper modeling of these uncertainties can have adverse effects on the performance of the microgrid operations. Due to this effect, more advanced algorithms need to be explored to create stability in MGs’. The model predictive control (MPC) technique has gained sound recognition due to its flexibility in executing controls and speed of processors.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Photoemission Electron Microscopy
Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM, also called photoelectron microscopy, PEM) is a type of electron microscopy that utilizes local variations in electron emission to generate image contrast. The excitation is usually produced by ultraviolet light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources. PEEM measures the coefficient indirectly by collecting the emitted secondary electrons generated in the electron cascade that follows the creation of the primary core hole in the absorption process. PEEM is a surface sensitive technique because the emitted electrons originate from a shallow layer. In physics, this technique is referred to as PEEM, which goes together naturally with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). In biology, it is called photoelectron microscopy (PEM), which fits with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Interesterified Fat
Interesterified fat is a type of oil where the fatty acids have been moved from one triglyceride molecule to another. This is generally done to modify the melting point, slow rancidification, and create an oil more suitable for deep frying or making palatable margarine with low saturated fat content. It is not the same as partial hydrogenation which produces trans fatty acids, but interesterified fats used in the food industry can come from hydrogenated fat,[clarification needed] for simplicity and frugality.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Adrishta
The Fifth Chapter of the Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada deals with the notion of action and the connected concept of effort; and also deals with the various special phenomenon of nature to the supersensible force, called Adrishta.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Struthiosaurinae
Struthiosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Europe. It is defined as "the most inclusive clade containing Europelta but not the North American Cedarpelta, Peloroplites, Sauropelta or Edmontonia" while being reinstated for a newly recognized clade of basal nodosaurids. Struthiosaurinae appeared at about exactly the same time as the North American subfamily Nodosaurinae. Struthiosaurines range all across the Cretaceous, the oldest genus being Europelta at an age of 112 Ma and the youngest being Struthiosaurus at about 85–66 Ma. It was originally mentioned by Franz Nopcsa in 1923 as a subfamily of Acanthopholidae, along with the previously defined Acanthopholinae. The family has gone through many taxonomic revisions since it was defined by Nopcsa in 1902. It is now recognized as a junior synonym of the family Nodosauridae. The subfamily now includes the genera Anoplosaurus, Europelta, Hungarosaurus, and Struthiosaurus, designated as the type genus. Because of the instability of Acanthopholis, the generic namesake of Acanthopholinae, and its current identification as a nomen dubium, Struthiosaurinae, the next named group, was decidedly used over the older one. A review of ankylosaur osteoderms was published in 2000, and reviewed the armour of Struthiosaurinae. The group was represented by the single genus Struthiosaurus, known from head, cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal scutes. Only a few head osteoderms were identified, so it is unknown how much of the skull was armoured. Many cervical and dorsal scutes have been preserved alongside species of Struthiosaurus. They include cervical bands, which are groups of osteoderms fused together and attached to the vertebrae, and large spines found on the shoulders of nodosaurids like Sauropelta and Edmontonia, although it is not known if the spines were fused like the later of separate like the former. It is quite possible that small ovoid scutes found on Struthiosaurus could have formed a pelvic shield like polacanthids. The caudal scutes of struthiosaurines are small and rough. Even though osteoderms are well-known, it is not certain where they were positioned on the body.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Barbara Jacak
Barbara Jacak is a nuclear physicist who uses heavy ion collisions for fundamental studies of hot, dense nuclear matter. She is Director of the Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and a professor of Physics at UC Berkeley.[1] Before going to Berkeley, she was a member of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Stony Brook University, where she held the rank of Dis
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Triple Overlap Syndrome (OSAHS-COPD-CHF)
Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are independently linked to an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Only a few studies have been published linking the association between overlap syndrome and congestive heart failure (CHF). It is becoming increasingly clear through research that there is a strong connection between OSA, COPD, and CHF. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fundamental Principles of EM38 and MK2 Sensors
Soil salinization and its detrimental agricultural, environmental, and socioeconomic impact over extended regions represent a major global concern that needs to be addressed. The sustainability of agricultural lands and the development of proper mitigation strategies require effective monitoring and mapping of the saline areas of the world. Therefore, robust modeling techniques and efficient sensors that assess and monitor the spatial and temporal variations in soil salinity within an area, promptly and accurately, are essential.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Underwater 5G-Based Networks
The term “Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)” refers to a network of intelligent interconnected underwater devices designed to monitor various underwater activities. The IoUT allows for a network of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to communicate with each other, sense their surroundings, collect data, and transmit them to control centers on the surface at typical Internet speeds. These data serve as a valuable resource for various tasks, including conducting crash surveys, discovering shipwrecks, detecting early signs of tsunamis, monitoring animal health, obtaining real-time aquatic information, and conducting archaeological expeditions.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Feb 2024
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