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Topic Review
Cell Types in dMMR/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer
Mismatch-repair deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) cancers encompass a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nevertheless, nearly 30% of patients with dMMR/MSI-H CRC show primary resistance to ICIs, and some develop resistance in the course of disease. 
  • 749
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
LncRNA in Tumors Development
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer.
  • 748
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology in Glioma
Gliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors. Gliomas carry a poor prognosis because of the tumor’s resistance to radiation and chemotherapy leading to nearly universal recurrence. Large-scale genomic research have allowed for the development of more targeted therapies to treat glioma.
  • 748
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Modifiers in T Cells
Immunotherapy has brought new hope for cancer patients. There is still a need to address major challenges including heterogeneity in response among patients, the reoccurrence of the disease, and iRAEs (immune-related adverse effects). The first critical step towards solving these issues is understanding the epigenomic events that play a significant role in the regulation of specific biomolecules in the context of the immune population present in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) during various treatments and responses.
  • 747
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sun Protection Intervention
Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and the incidence of melanoma is continuously rising. One of the main risk factors for the development of skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Epidemiological data provide evidence of an increased risk of all types of skin cancer being associated with solar UV exposure. The contribution of UV exposure during childhood is critical. Due to the special structure of children’s skin, in which skin stem cells are closer to the skin surface up to the age of 12, UV radiation can infiltrate and damage skin stem cells in children more quickly. Single events of intensive UV radiation, such as sunburn in childhood, can influence the risk of developing melanoma in adulthood. One focus of primary prevention of skin cancer development, therefore, lies in the careful management of UV exposure in children and adolescents.
  • 746
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Depsipeptides Targeting Tumor Cells
Cancer is considered one of the most threatening diseases worldwide. Diet could be one of the factors that can be enhanced to comprehensively address a cancer patient’s condition. Unfortunately, most molecules capable of targeting cancer cells are found in uncommon food sources. Among them, depsipeptides have emerged as one of the most reliable choices for cancer treatment. These cyclic amino acid oligomers, with one or more subunits replaced by a hydroxylated carboxylic acid resulting in one lactone bond in a core ring, have broadly proven their cancer-targeting efficacy, some even reaching clinical trials and being commercialized as “anticancer” drugs.
  • 746
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Preclinical In Vivo-Models for HIPEC
The concept of HIPEC is to penetrate and eradicate potential small tumor nodules at the peritoneal surface with a sufficient cytotoxic amount of chemotherapy. Preclinical in vivo HIPEC models should mimic realistic clinical HIPEC conditions including a relevant and realistic tumor model, well-controlled drug, flow and temperature distribution within the peritoneal cavity. Advantages and limitations of different tumor and animal models as well as model set up are discussed.
  • 745
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Cytological approaches have long been used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic neoplasms. Technological advances in molecular biology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to establish a molecular list of several gene mutations in AML and MDS, within a matter of days.
  • 745
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Specific Symptoms in Older Adults with Cancer
Advanced cancer represents the most common reason for needing palliative care among older adults worldwide. Palliative care is an essential component of cancer care with a direct impact on quality of life. The complex healthcare needs of older patients with cancer therefore require a comprehensive assessment, including a geriatric evaluation.
  • 745
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer diagnosis
 Early diagnosis is required to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. The invasive procedures required for the majority of currently available diagnostic tools represent the foremost drawback. Recently Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained interest as potential biomarkers alone or in combination with currently available tumour markers. In this review we discuss the impact of EVs as non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches for clinical application in the central nervous system, head and neck, lung, and gastrointestinal cancers.
  • 744
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CYLD and Skin Squamous Tumors
Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme that was initially characterized as a tumor suppressor of adnexal skin tumors in patients with CYLD syndrome. Later, it was also shown that the expression of functionally inactive mutated forms of CYLD promoted tumor development and progression of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). And, recently it has been demonstrated that a moderate increase in CYLD wildt ype levels inhibits in vivo in the development of skin squamous cell tumors. 
  • 744
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
BMN673 Is a PARP Inhibitor
Talazoparib (BMN673) is a relatively new PARP inhibitor (PARPi) that exhibits superior efficacy in vitro compared to olaparib and other clinically relevant PARPi. BMN673, similar to most clinical PARPi, inhibits the catalytic activities of PARP-1 and PARP-2 and shows impressive anticancer potential as monotherapy in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. Tumor resistance to PARPi poses a significant challenge in the clinic and combining BMN673 with RT may offer a promising treatment modality. 
  • 744
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA ST3GAL6-AS1 in Multiple Myeloma
The biological impact of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in multiple myeloma (MM) is becoming an important aspect of investigation, which may contribute to the understanding of the complex pathobiology of the disease whilst also providing novel potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we investigated the pathobiological role of ST3GAL6-AS1 (ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3 sialyltransferase 6 antisense RNA 1), a lncRNA mapped at chromosome 3q11.2 antisense to ST3GAL6 (ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 6), a gene that has been recently reported as involved in homing and in in vivo engraftment in MM.
  • 743
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Adult Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant embryonal tumor of the posterior fossa belonging to the family of primitive neuro-ectodermic tumors (PNET). MB generally occurs in pediatric age, but in 14–30% of cases, it affects the adults, mostly below the age of 40, with an incidence of 0.6 per million per year, representing about 0.4–1% of tumors of the nervous system in adults. Unlike pediatric MB, robust prospective trials are scarce for the post-puberal population, due to the low incidence of MB in adolescent and young adults.
  • 743
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
NOTCH Signaling in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bones. Most osteosarcoma patients currently receive combinatorial treatment of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate as the first-line therapy; however, local recurrence and lung metastasis rates remain high. Despite the numerous trials conducted to evaluate novel therapies for metastatic osteosarcoma, the long-term survival of patients remains dismally bad. Studies have reported abnormal activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway in most clinical specimens of osteosarcoma, which is closely related to a poor prognosis. Similarly, studies have reported that NOTCH signaling affected the biological behavior of osteosarcoma through various molecular mechanisms. NOTCH-targeted therapy has shown potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in clinical research.
  • 743
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Natural Compounds Targeting Inflammation in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths and can be classified as small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approximately 84% of all cases are NSCLC and the remaining 16% belong to SCLC. In recent years, there has been several breakthroughs in NSCLC management through screening, diagnosis and treatment improvements. However, most lung cancer patients will eventually develop resistance to existing treatments. Therefore, there is clearly a need to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC.
  • 743
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking Causes Carcinogenesis
Cigarette smoking has a significant impact on public health. In addition to the well-known role in several cancers, and for this reason identified as a group one carcinogen by the IARC classification, it has been linked to an increased disability rate and to several chronic conditions as cardiovascular, pneumological, endocrine, periodontal, or musculoskeletal diseases and, more in general, to 10 years reduced life expectancy.
  • 743
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Endometrial Cancer Patients
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers in developing and developed countries. Although the detection of this cancer is high at the early stages, there is still a lack of markers to monitor the disease, its recurrence, and metastasis. MiRNAs are in charge of the post-transcriptional regulation of genes responsible for the most important biological processes, which is why they are increasingly used as biomarkers in many types of cancer.
  • 743
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
As the sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating and regulating antigen-specific immune responses. Cross-priming, a process that DCs activate CD8 T cells by cross-presenting exogenous antigens onto their MHCI (Major Histocompatibility Complex class I), plays a critical role in mediating CD8 T cell immunity as well as tolerance. Current DC vaccines have remained largely unsuccessful despite their ability to potentiate both effector and memory CD8 T cell responses. There are two major hurdles for the success of DC-based vaccines: tumor-mediated immunosuppression and the functional limitation of the commonly used monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Due to their resistance to tumor-mediated suppression as inert vesicles, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have garnered much interest as cell-free therapeutic agents. 
  • 742
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cancer Cachexia
During its evolution, cancer induces changes in patients’ energy metabolism that strongly affect the overall clinical state and are responsible for cancer-related cachexia syndrome. To better understand the mechanisms underlying cachexia and its metabolic derangements, research efforts should focus on the events that are driven by the immune system activation during the evolution of neoplastic disease and on the phenomena of “resistance” and “tolerance” typically involved in the human body immune response against stress, pathogens, or cancer. Indeed, the growth of a tumor that overcomes the mechanisms of resistance underlines a lack of efficacy of the specific immune response, which is followed by a macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory response with related symptoms, whose persistence leads to the phenomena of tolerance. In the case where resistance is not able to eliminate the cancer, tolerance mechanisms can utilize the symptoms of cachexia (anemia, anorexia, and fatigue) to counteract unregulated cancer growth. Thus, cancer cachexia should be considered the evidence of symptoms related to tolerance, and it should be considered as the final attempt by the body to counteract cancer growth.  These notions are also sustained by the evidence that cancer cachexia may be reversible if the resistance and tolerance phases are supported by appropriate antineoplastic treatments. In fact, in clinical practice, several patients exhibiting symptoms of cachexia (weight loss ≥ 5-10 % of ideal weight in the last 3-6 months) exhibit a significant resolution of the phenomena and associated symptoms with the reduction of tumor burden. Once a patient, even in an advanced stage of the disease, achieves a clinical response, especially a complete response, they might regain their appetite with a resolution of anorexia, gain weight with the improvement of lean body mass, and become free of other symptoms associated to cachexia, such as anemia and immunodepression. Viceversa, the irreversible form of cachexia that leads to death develops when the available therapies are not able to control the disease and the resistance mechanisms fail with the prevalence of the tolerance phenomena. Accordingly, there is no doubt that anticachectic therapies have an irreplaceable role in cases of reversible cancer cachexia where, if harmoniously associated with effective antineoplastic therapies, they can contribute to preserve the quality of life and improve prognosis. Such anticachectic treatments should be based on targeting the complex immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways involved in the complex pathogenesis of cachexia. Meanwhile, the role of the anticachectic therapies is very different in the stage of irreversible cachexia when the available antineoplastic treatments are not able to control the disease. At this stage, they can be useful only to improve the quality of life, allowing the patient and their family to get a better awareness of the final phases of life, thereby opening to the best spiritual remodulation of the final event, death. Therefore, a better knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance and tolerance as crucial events involved in the pathogenesis and development of cancer cachexia surely could help clinicians to be aware of the relevance of cachexia incidence in the evolution of cancer disease and improve its early recognition and effective treatment.
  • 742
  • 23 Jun 2021
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