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Topic Review
Nanotechnologies and Lung Cancer Therapy
Lung cancer remains a major public health problem both in terms of incidence and specific mortality despite developments in terms of prevention, such as smoking reduction policies and clinical management advances. Better lung cancer prognosis could be achieved by early and accurate diagnosis and improved therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology is a dynamic and fast-developing field; various medical applications have been developed and deployed, and more exist as proofs of concepts or experimental models.
  • 758
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
In Utero Origins of Acute Leukemia in Children
Acute leukemias, mainly consisting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), comprise a major diagnostic group among hematologic cancers. Due to the early age at onset of ALL, particularly, it has long been suspected that acute leukemias of childhood may have an in utero origin. 
  • 758
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Preclinical In Vivo-Models for HIPEC
The concept of HIPEC is to penetrate and eradicate potential small tumor nodules at the peritoneal surface with a sufficient cytotoxic amount of chemotherapy. Preclinical in vivo HIPEC models should mimic realistic clinical HIPEC conditions including a relevant and realistic tumor model, well-controlled drug, flow and temperature distribution within the peritoneal cavity. Advantages and limitations of different tumor and animal models as well as model set up are discussed.
  • 757
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Proton therapy (PT) was first proposed by Robert R Wilson in 1946 because of the unique dosimetric property of proton beams known as the Bragg peak. In theory, a proton beam traversing a medium deposits a relatively small amount of radiation before it reaches the Bragg peak, and no radiation beyond it. The depth of the Bragg peak in the medium is determined by the energy of the protons. The dosimetric advantages of proton therapy (PT) treatment plans are demonstrably superior to photon-based external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for localized prostate cancer, but the reported clinical outcomes are similar.
  • 757
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Female Reproductive Hormones
Accumulating epidemiological studies have investigated a possible interconnection between migraine (Mi) and breast cancer (BC) because of the strong link between these diseases and female reproductive hormones. These hormones fluctuate within or outside a personal range over the lifespan. Approximately 75% of all BC express estrogen receptors (ER) and/or progesterone receptors (PR), commonly referred to as hormone receptors (HR).
  • 757
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation as Risk Factor in Genitourinary Cancers
Neoplastic as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells engage in well-orchestrated reciprocal interactions to establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. The tumor-associated inflammatory tissue is highly plastic, capable of continuously modifying its phenotypic and functional characteristics. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development of urological cancers.
  • 757
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
As the sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating and regulating antigen-specific immune responses. Cross-priming, a process that DCs activate CD8 T cells by cross-presenting exogenous antigens onto their MHCI (Major Histocompatibility Complex class I), plays a critical role in mediating CD8 T cell immunity as well as tolerance. Current DC vaccines have remained largely unsuccessful despite their ability to potentiate both effector and memory CD8 T cell responses. There are two major hurdles for the success of DC-based vaccines: tumor-mediated immunosuppression and the functional limitation of the commonly used monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Due to their resistance to tumor-mediated suppression as inert vesicles, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have garnered much interest as cell-free therapeutic agents. 
  • 756
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MiRNAs/lncRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable patient outcomes. There is still a lack of understanding about the different players involved in lymphomagenesis, and the identification of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is urgent. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs emerged as master regulators of B-cell development, and their deregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of lymphomagenesis. They can function by acting alone or, as recently proposed, by creating competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. The study of miRNAs’ and lncRNAs’ deregulation in NHL, either alone or as ceRNAs networks, offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphoma pathogenesis and opens a window of opportunity to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • 756
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer diagnosis
 Early diagnosis is required to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. The invasive procedures required for the majority of currently available diagnostic tools represent the foremost drawback. Recently Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained interest as potential biomarkers alone or in combination with currently available tumour markers. In this review we discuss the impact of EVs as non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches for clinical application in the central nervous system, head and neck, lung, and gastrointestinal cancers.
  • 756
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Carcinogenicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer of the membranes covering the lung and chest cavity (pleura) or the abdomen (peritoneum), mainly linked to asbestos exposure. Asbestos is a proven human carcinogen but its use is far from being universally banned and the forecasts on the incidence of mesothelioma over the next several years are far from optimistic. Carbon nanotubes are a promising type of nano-materials used in the field of nanotechnology for a wide range of applications. However, the similarities between asbestos and CNTs have raised many concerns about their danger and are still the subject of intense research.
  • 755
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer Cells
The standard treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer comprises multimodal treatment concepts including preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by radical surgical resection. However, despite intensified treatment approaches, 5-year survival rates are still low. Therefore, new strategies are required to overcome treatment resistance, and to improve patients’ outcome.
  • 755
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Adult Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant embryonal tumor of the posterior fossa belonging to the family of primitive neuro-ectodermic tumors (PNET). MB generally occurs in pediatric age, but in 14–30% of cases, it affects the adults, mostly below the age of 40, with an incidence of 0.6 per million per year, representing about 0.4–1% of tumors of the nervous system in adults. Unlike pediatric MB, robust prospective trials are scarce for the post-puberal population, due to the low incidence of MB in adolescent and young adults.
  • 755
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
BMN673 Is a PARP Inhibitor
Talazoparib (BMN673) is a relatively new PARP inhibitor (PARPi) that exhibits superior efficacy in vitro compared to olaparib and other clinically relevant PARPi. BMN673, similar to most clinical PARPi, inhibits the catalytic activities of PARP-1 and PARP-2 and shows impressive anticancer potential as monotherapy in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. Tumor resistance to PARPi poses a significant challenge in the clinic and combining BMN673 with RT may offer a promising treatment modality. 
  • 755
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking Causes Carcinogenesis
Cigarette smoking has a significant impact on public health. In addition to the well-known role in several cancers, and for this reason identified as a group one carcinogen by the IARC classification, it has been linked to an increased disability rate and to several chronic conditions as cardiovascular, pneumological, endocrine, periodontal, or musculoskeletal diseases and, more in general, to 10 years reduced life expectancy.
  • 755
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial&Viral Pathogens in Gastric Carcinogenesis
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. In contrast to many other tumor types, gastric carcinogenesis is tightly linked to infectious events. Infections with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are the two most investigated risk factors for GC. These pathogens infect more than half of the world’s population. Fortunately, only a small fraction of infected individuals develops GC, suggesting high complexity of tumorigenic processes in the human stomach. Recent studies suggest that the multifaceted interplay between microbial, environmental, and host genetic factors underlies gastric tumorigenesis. Many aspects of these interactions still remain unclear.
  • 754
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm
Despite the multidisciplinary management in the treatment of glioblastomas, the average survival of GBM patients is still 15 months. In recent years, molecular biomarkers have gained more and more importance both in the diagnosis and therapy of glial tumors. At the same time, it has become clear that non neoplastic cells, which constitute about 30% of glioma mass, dramatically influence tumor growth, spread, and recurrence. This is the main reason why, in recent years, scientific research has been focused on understanding the function and the composition of tumor microenvironment and its role in gliomagenesis and recurrence.
  • 754
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Modifiers in T Cells
Immunotherapy has brought new hope for cancer patients. There is still a need to address major challenges including heterogeneity in response among patients, the reoccurrence of the disease, and iRAEs (immune-related adverse effects). The first critical step towards solving these issues is understanding the epigenomic events that play a significant role in the regulation of specific biomolecules in the context of the immune population present in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) during various treatments and responses.
  • 754
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer in Elderly Patients
Thyroid cancer is more aggressive in elderly patients due to biological causes related to age, histotype, and the advanced stage at diagnosis. In the elderly, both the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer impact quality of life.
  • 754
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acid Profiling in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and essential players in pathways such as the citric acid and urea cycle, purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, and redox cell signaling. Therefore, it is unsurprising that these molecules have a significant role in cancer metabolism and its metabolic plasticity.
  • 754
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs and CDK4/6 Inhibitor Treatment
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have emerged as novel treatment options in the management of advanced or metastatic breast cancer. MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding 19–22-nucleotide-long RNAs that regulate gene expression in development and tumorigenesis. Herein, we explored the predictive role of microRNAs in treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
  • 753
  • 30 Aug 2021
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