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Topic Review
Place Attachment and Behavioral Intentions
Place attachment is a key concept in understanding affective person–place relationships, and it provides an appropriate approach for the study of human behavior.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MTOR Signaling in Cancer
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role in regulation of cell survival, metabolism, growth and protein synthesis in response to upstream signals in both normal physiological and pathological conditions, especially in cancer.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Network in Environment Monitoring
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology and its applications are turning real-world things into smart objects, integrating everything under a common infrastructure to manage performance through a software application and offering upgrades with integrated web servers in a timely manner. Quality of life, the green economy, and pollution management in society require comprehensive environmental monitoring systems with easy-to-use features and maintenance.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Signal Amplification in Olfactory and Taste Evaluation
Biosensors are powerful analytical tools used to identify and detect target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors, which combine biosensing with electrochemical analysis techniques, are efficient analytical instruments that translate concentration signals into electrical signals, enabling the quantitative and qualitative analysis of target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors have been widely used in various fields of detection and analysis due to their high sensitivity, superior selectivity, quick reaction time, and inexpensive cost. However, the signal changes caused by interactions between a biological probe and a target molecule are very weak and difficult to capture directly by using detection instruments. Therefore, various signal amplification strategies have been proposed and developed to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of detection systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
The result indicated that SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells) have better implications for environmental performance, as well as being the least cost-effective option for commercially competitive purposes.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Morning Tiredness
Morning tiredness (also known as morning fatigue) is a feeling of prolonged tiredness experienced in the morning. It could be caused by a simple reason such as inadequate sleep, however it could also be a sign of an underlying health problem. There have been numerous scientific studies conducted on morning tiredness such as it's relationship with caffeine in children and its association with a person's particular characteristic such as their level of exercise. Morning tiredness is not to be confused with sleep inertia which is the short term drowsiness experienced immediately after waking up.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ALK Inhibitor
ALK inhibitors are anti-cancer drugs that act on tumours with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) such as an EML4-ALK translocation. They fall under the category of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by inhibiting proteins involved in the abnormal growth of tumour cells. All the current approved ALK inhibitors function by binding to the ATP pocket of the abnormal ALK protein, blocking its access to energy and deactivating it. A majority of ALK-rearranged NSCLC harbour the EML4-ALK fusion, although as of 2020, over 92 fusion partners have been discovered in ALK+ NSCLC. For each fusion partner, there can be several fusion variants depending on the position the two genes were fused at, and this may have implications on the response of the tumour and prognosis of the patient.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Network Threat Detection with ML/DL in SDN-Based Platforms
A revolution in network technology has been ushered in by software defined networking (SDN), which makes it possible to control the network from a central location and provides an overview of the network’s security. Despite this, SDN has a single point of failure that increases the risk of potential threats. Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) prevent intrusions into a network and preserve the network’s integrity, availability, and confidentiality. Much work has been done on NIDS but there are still improvements needed in reducing false alarms and increasing threat detection accuracy. Advanced approaches such as deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) have been implemented in SDN-based NIDS to overcome the security issues within a network.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Confined Environment Psychology
Confined environment psychology is a refined subcategory of environmental psychology. There can be severe neurological impacts upon remaining in a confined environment over a prolonged period of time. Confined environment psychology can come in different forms, including; by location and lack of or limited human interaction. The broad subcategory also includes the effects of social isolation on animals. Behavioural and Neurological impacts of confined environments Solitary confinement and isolation can have severe psychological effects and is heavily dependent on the extent of isolation, particularly for prisoners. A study conducted by Stuart Grassian stated some of the behavioural effects of solitary confinement and isolation include agitative behaviour, hallucinations and restlessness. Solitary confinement and isolation can disrupt the function of neurotransmitter systems, which result in unusual behaviour. Mice experience similar behaviour to humans, including agitation and aggression, fear and hypersensitivity to unfamiliar objects that are viewed as a threat. Neurologically, chronic social isolation for mice activates a neuropeptide found in the central nervous system known as tachykinin. Tachykinin (also known as the TACC2 gene for mice) is produced in the amygdala and hypothalamus of a mouse's brain. These regions of the mouse brain directly control the behaviour of mice emotionally and socially. Suppressing certain neurochemicals can have an adverse effect on the behaviour of mice.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medcyclopaedia
This is a list of medical wikis, collaboratively-editable websites that focus on medical information. Many of the most popular medical wikis take the form of encyclopedias, with a separate article for each medical term. Some of these websites, such as WikiDoc and Radiopaedia, are editable by anyone, while others, such as Ganfyd, restrict editing access to professionals. The majority of them have content available only in English. The largest and most popular general encyclopedia, Wikipedia, also hosts a significant amount of health and medical information.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Spectroscopy Techniques with Chemometrics in Food Analysis
The growing world population is increasing the demand for food in multiple ways, which is leading to a higher demand for safety and quality control of commercialized products. Food can become contaminated by chemicals and physical substances through accidental or intentional means. Advanced spectroscopy techniques paired with chemometric tools are crucial in analyzing food by providing a fast, non-destructive, and efficient means of obtaining detailed information about food samples. This information can be used to improve the quality, safety, and authenticity of food products. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Skin Aging Processes
With the advancement of living standards in modern society and the emergence of an aging population, an increasing number of people are becoming interested in the topic of aging and anti-aging. An important feature of aging is skin aging, and women are particularly concerned about skin aging. In the field of cosmetics, the market share of anti-aging products is increasing year by year.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Method of Pest Control in Insects
Modern agriculture and public health management both depend heavily on insect pest control. It includes a range of tactics and strategies meant to control and lessen the negative effects that insect pests have on human, animal, and agricultural populations.Chemical pesticides are a primary method of controlling insect pests. These chemicals are intended to target particular pests and disturb their life cycles or kill them. However, a heavy dependence on pesticides can result in damage to non-target creatures, environmental contamination, and pesticide resistance. Consequently, integrated pest management (IPM) has grown in popularity. IPM incorporates several tactics, such as mechanical measures (traps and barriers), cultural practices (rotation crops or modifying planting timings), and biological management (using natural predators or parasites to reduce pest populations). This minimizes the need for chemical treatments. Sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management techniques have become more popular recently, placing a focus on the use of biopesticides (naturally occurring organisms or their derivatives) and genetically modifying crops to ward off pests. Furthermore, developments in monitoring technology like remote sensing and data analytics assist farmers in making wise choices about pest control. Finally, insect pest management is a complex enterprise that has evolved to strike a balance between the need for pest mitigation and worries about the environment and human health, eventually maintaining food security and the health of ecosystems.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Cancer
DNA methylation is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic control in cells and its dysregulation is strongly implicated in cancer development. Cancers possess an extensively hypomethylated genome with focal regions of hypermethylation at CPG islands. Due to the highly conserved nature of cancer-specific methylation, its detection in cell-free DNA in plasma using liquid biopsies constitutes an area of interest in biomarker research. The advent of next-generation sequencing and newer computational technologies have allowed for the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that utilize methylation profiling to diagnose disease and stratify risk. Methylome-based predictive biomarkers can determine the response to anti-cancer therapy. An additional emerging application of these biomarkers is in minimal residual disease monitoring. Several key challenges need to be addressed before cfDNA-based methylation biomarkers become fully integrated into practice. The first relates to the biology and stability of cfDNA. The second concerns the clinical validity and generalizability of methylation-based assays, many of which are cancer type-specific. The third involves their practicability, which is a stumbling block for translating technologies from bench to clinic. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Proteostasis and Proteotoxicity in Network Medicine Era
Neurodegenerative proteinopathies are complex diseases that share some pathogenetic processes. One of these is the failure of the proteostasis network (PN), which includes all components involved in the synthesis, folding, and degradation of proteins, thus leading to the aberrant accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in neurons. The single components that belong to the three main modules of the PN are highly interconnected and can be considered as part of a single giant network.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Altered Mitostasis in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multisystem disease characterized by progressive death of motor neurons, loss of muscle mass, and impaired energy metabolism. The morphology and dynamics of mitochondrial network, quality control mechanisms, motility, and overall mitochondrial function are closely interrelated pathways that play a fundamental role in the dyshomeostasis of mitochondria in neurons, surrounding glial cells, myocytes, and many other cell types across peripheral tissues. Molecular mechanisms responsible for altered mitostasis in ALS-affected cells contribute to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, energy deficiency and, ultimately, the death of motoneurons and other cells. Damaged mitochondria can release a number of proapoptotic factors and inflammatory response activators called damage-related molecular patterns, which creates a cycle of direct communication between mitochondrial disorders, inflammation, and cell degeneration.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanotransduction in Skin and Wounds
Skin injury is a common occurrence and mechanical forces are known to significantly impact the biological processes of skin regeneration and wound healing. Immediately following the disruption of the skin, the process of wound healing begins, bringing together numerous cell types to collaborate in several sequential phases. These cells produce a multitude of molecules and initiate multiple signaling pathways that are associated with skin disorders and abnormal wound healing, including hypertrophic scars, keloids, and chronic wounds. Studies have shown that mechanical forces can alter the microenvironment of a healing wound, causing changes in cellular function, motility, and signaling. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of cells in the skin is essential in the development of efficacious therapeutics to reduce skin disorders, normalize abnormal wound healing, and minimize scar formation.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Crop Wild Relatives
All our crops are the result from a domestication process that has been conducted by people from around the world. This domestication process of selected wild species in parts of the world that harbour a high level of species and genetic diversity was preceded by gathering plants or parts thereof (e.g. seeds; root and tubers) for their consumption 'at home', usually combined with hunting of wild animals. The selected and gradually domesticated plants, i.e. our today's crops, have 'nephews and cousins' that are closely related to a given crop species and that are wild plants, i.e. the crop wild relatives. These species sometimes naturally interbreed with their related crops or can be crossed with the crop by using specific techniques such as molecular genetic tools. These crop wild relatives possess important genes and traits that are critically important for the improvement of our crops, through research, pre-breeding and breeding of new varieties that are better adapted to our ever-changing production environment. Climate change is causing serious threats to a number of crops and crop varieties and their adaptation to the changed conditions is critical to maintain their production level. Unfortunately, the drastic changes we have seen in our agricultural production systems during the past 70 - 80 years, the huge changes in our landscapes, the impacts of climate change and many other aspects cause a direct and severe threat to the survival of the crop wild relatives and concerted efforts are urgently required to ensure their survival. This entry provides a general introduction to this often forgotten and little known subset of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, it defines CWRs and provides information on classification of the species and presents an overview over the conservation status under in situ conditions (i.e. in nature), in ex situ conditions (i.e. in genebanks or botanic gardens) as well on how conservation approaches can be optimized by combining in situ and ex situ (the so-called complementary conservation) as well as on their use in breeding programmes. The final concluding session provides an overview of the problems encountered with the conservation (and use) and what should be done to improve the current situation to ensure a more effective and efficient conservation. The presented recommendations are based on an analysis of the threat status of the CWRs as well as on biological factors that hamper conservation as well as on other constraints encountered so far. the importance of CWRs. Details on these parameters are not included in the text below but are included in the related paper that has been recently published.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous short chain fatty acid that acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the mammalian brain. It has often been illegally abused or misused due to its strong anesthetic effect, particularly in drug-facilitated crimes worldwide. However, proving its ingestion is not straightforward because of the difficulty in distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous GHB, as well as its rapid metabolism. Metabolomics and metabolism studies have recently been used to identify potential biomarkers of GHB exposure. 
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Mar 2021
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