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Topic Review
Conifer Biotechnology
Conifers are a group of plants that encompasses the oldest living trees and shrubs on our planet. They have existed for more than 300 million years, starting from a common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Conifers comprise two-thirds of gymnosperms and include species of high forest interest, such as pines, spruces, cypresses, or sequoias. Conifers constitute the largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms. Conifers and other gymnosperms were the dominant trees during the Mesozoic Era, which is also known as the Age of the Conifers, although they posteriorly declined and were replaced by angiosperms as the dominant group.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Tire-Derived Rubber Recycle
Rubber, as elastomer, is difficult to recycle. Today, the main end of life routes of tyres and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g. cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, with huge quantities lacking sustainable recycling of this valuable material. Devulcanization, i.e. the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermo-physical or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents and update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. This review article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Tyre recycling through devulcanization has a huge lever, since approx. 40 million tons of tyres are discarded annually.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Psychosocial Interventions for Dyslexic Adults
       Enabling dyslexic adults’ participation in the work environment is vital to unleashing their potential and essential to make the workplace more inclusive. This can be supported through psychosocial interventions that target a set of positive self-evaluations commonly linked to resiliency and an individual’s sense of ability to control and impact the environment in a successful manner, including coping strategies and self-management. A systematic review has been carried out to map and integrate the understanding of interventions in this field. It reveals that interventions can be useful in enhancing psychological resources among dyslexic adults. Still, it also highlights the critical gap in this literature, where knowledge in this field remains mostly based on common sense rather than on evidence from research. Given the high incidence of dyslexia, its health consequences and high financial costs, this is particularly problematic and emphasizes the need for research designs to evaluate interventions’ effectiveness on the improvement of psychological resources and employment opportunities. More intervention studies are needed to understand the effects of initiatives on dyslexic adults’ psychological resources and well-being, employing validated and reliable scales for outcome assessment.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
GPCR, ER Stress, and EMT
Endoplasmic reticular stress (ERS) is a dynamics adaptive mechanism that is triggered upon perturbations in ER homeostasis. Hence unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by ERS as a distress signal. UPR is involved in cancer progression by aiding cells to adapt harsh environments and evading cell death. We have made a significant discovery in the area of ERS and cell death in colonic epithelial cells where have previously unraveled the relationship between ERS and anti- apoptotic protein Survivin in colon cancer cells. We established a time point for an aggressive ERS environment with the help of ERS dynamics thereby creating a perfect environment for testing drugs. However, the role of ERS in cancer is still perplexing. G-protein coupled receptors (GCPR) are another large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals. GPCRs are said to have an active association with ERS in order to trigger some key processes like epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is a prime step in metastasis. However, there are some essential candidates that play a role in hindering cancer progression through numerous pathways. We therefore wish to provide the readers with an exhaustive views and insights of ER stress biology.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Green Building in Arctic Region
Nowadays, buildings are a large contributors to climate change due to their significant global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Since in the Arctic Region the effects of climate change are amplified and lead to global consequences, governments and international organizations are developing solutions to promote sustainable constructions, hence reducing the impact of buildings on the environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Invasive Algae Species
Invasive alien species (IAS), also known as exotic or non-native species, are plants or animals that have been introduced, intentionally or not, into regions where it is not usual to find them.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Adipocytokines Produced by Adipose Tissue
The alterations of adipocyte-derived signal mediators strongly influence the regulation of inflammation, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electric Fields for Cancers Treatment
The biological impact of exogenous, alternating electric fields (AEFs) and direct-current electric fields has a long history of study, ranging from effects on embryonic development to influences on wound healing. Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a form of alternating electric fields (AEF) therapy that is delivered to the tumor via electrodes placed on the skin.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Iron Deficiency in Celiac Disease
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most recognized type of anemia in patients with celiac disease (CD) and may be present in over half of patients at the time of diagnosis. Folate and vitamin B12 malabsorption, nutritional deficiencies, inflammation, blood loss, development of refractory CD, and concomitant Heliobacter pylori infection are other causes of anemia in such patients. The decision to replenish iron stores and the route of administration (oral or intravenous) are controversial due, in part, to questions surrounding the optimal formulation and route of administration.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) or broomcorn millet is among the most important food crops to be domesticated by humans; it is widely distributed in America, Europe, and Asia.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Essential Oils
Microbial pathogens are the most prevalent cause of chronic infections and fatalities around the world. Antimicrobial agents including antibiotics have been frequently utilized in the treatment of infections due to their exceptional outcomes. However, their widespread use has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stazione Zoologica
The Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn is a research institute in Naples, Italy, devoted to basic research in biology. Research is largely interdisciplinary involving the fields of evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neurobiology, cell biology, biological oceanography, marine botany, molecular plant biology, benthic ecology, and ecophysiology. Founded in 1872 as a private concern by Anton Dohrn, in 1982 the Stazione Zoologica came under the supervision and control of the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research) as a National Institute.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Latent Tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have active tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not, and it is therefore not possible to get TB from someone with latent tuberculosis. The main risk is that approximately 10% of these people (5% in the first two years after infection and 0.1% per year thereafter) will go on to develop active tuberculosis. This is particularly true, and there is added risk, in particular situations such as medication that suppresses the immune system or advancing age. The identification and treatment of people with latent TB is an important part of controlling this disease. Various treatment regimens are in use for latent tuberculosis. They generally need to be taken for several months.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Trace Amines
Trace amines are a chemical group of amines and their isomers, included in the biogenic amines’ family. They are natural compounds with low molecular weight, formed during the natural metabolism of animals, plants, and microorganisms from amino acids precursors.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
mTORC1-Autophagy Axis for Skeletal Muscle Diseases
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, mTORC1, integrates nutrient and growth factor signals with cellular responses and plays critical roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and lifespan. mTORC1 signaling has been reported as a central regulator of autophagy by modulating almost all aspects of the autophagic process, including initiation, expansion, and termination. An increasing number of studies suggest that mTORC1 and autophagy are critical for the physiological function of skeletal muscle and are involved in diverse muscle diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Associated with Colitis
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), mainly because of chronic intestinal inflammation. Some unique molecular differences occur in colitis-associated CRC, resulting in a different sequence of events, primarily of inflammation–dysplasia–carcinoma, compared to sporadic cases.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Studies have shown that during early embryogenesis, preimplantation embryos exhibit higher levels of chromosomal abnormalities in the initial stages of cleavage compared to the late morula stage or blastocysts. Thus, preimplantation embryos can acquire an aneuploidy phenotype already in early developmental stages, which points to the fact that these first mitotic cycles are more susceptible to chromosomal aberrations. The monitoring of chromatin damage, the so-called cell cycle checkpoint, is therefore an essential aspect of the cell cycle.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Ni Single-Atom Catalysts
Nickel is a well-known catalyst in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is currently used in industrial processes as a homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst. However, to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of catalytic processes, the development of single-atom catalysts (SACs) seems promising. Some SACs have already shown increased activity and stability as compared to nanoparticle catalysts.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Silver-Containing Solutions for Deep Caries Management
Silver is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that can be used for caries management. Dentists used silver-containing solutions for deep cavity disinfection before restoration. Silver fluoride, silver nitrate, silver diamine nitrate, silver diamine fluoride, and nano-silver fluoride were used in deep cavities for antimicrobial purposes. Indirect silver fluoride application induced pulp inflammation and reparative dentine in most cases, and pulp necrosis in some cases. Direct silver nitrate application caused blood clots and a wide inflammatory band in the pulp, whilst indirect silver nitrate application caused hypoplasia in shallow cavities and partial pulp necrosis in deep cavities. Direct silver diamine fluoride application induced pulp necrosis, while indirect silver diamine fluoride application induced a mild inflammatory response and reparative dentine formation.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Fatal Software Failures in Spaceflight
Space exploration has become an integral part of modern society, and since its early days in the 1960s, software has grown in importance, becoming indispensable for spaceflight. However, software is boon and bane: while it enables unprecedented functionality and cost reductions and can even save spacecraft, its importance and fragility also make it a potential Achilles heel for critical systems. Throughout the history of spaceflight, numerous accidents with significant detrimental impacts on mission objectives and safety have been attributed to software, although unequivocal attribution is sometimes difficult. In this Entry, we examine over two dozen software-related mishaps in spaceflight from a software engineering perspective, focusing on major incidents and not claiming completeness. This Entry article contextualizes the role of software in space exploration and aims to preserve the lessons learned from these mishaps. Such knowledge is crucial for ensuring future success in space endeavors. Finally, we explore prospects for the increasingly software-dependent future of spaceflight.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Jun 2024
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