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Topic Review
3D Printed and Conventional Membranes
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing (3DP), is considered to be a possible approach to produce custom membranes with more manufacturing control than any other method of membrane manufacturing available today. Polymer membranes are central to the proper operation of several processes used in a wide range of applications. The production of these membranes relies on processes such as phase inversion, stretching, track etching, sintering, or electrospinning. Results show that very few membrane materials are used as 3D-printed membranes. Such membranes showed acceptable performance, better structures, and less environmental impact compared with those of conventional membranes.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Zeolites as Catalyst Supports for Hydrocarbon Oxidation Reactions
Catalytic oxidation is a key technology for the conversion of petroleum-based feedstocks into useful chemicals (e.g., adipic acid, caprolactam, glycols, acrylates, and vinyl acetate) since this chemical transformation is always involved in synthesis processes. Zeolites are microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials known since 1756 when the stilbite structure was identified by the Swedish mineralogist Crönstedt. Zeolites and other related porous materials can be supports for organometallic or metallic active species. These materials are the most studied supports due to their combined properties of mechanical and thermal stability that allows it an easy regeneration and recycling. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Materials, Devices and Applications of Water Harvesting
Water harvesting technology has been focused, and great merits have been achieved. The design principles of water harvesting technology are commonly inspired by nature. The back of desert beetles possess alternating hydrophilic bumps and hydrophobic surfaces which enable them to harvest water in dry deserts.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Olive Oil Wastewater Management
Olive oil production processes usually generate large amounts of high load polluted wastewater known as Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), locally known as “Zibar”. Most of these olive oil-producing processes are found in the Mediterranean countries, where olive trees are planted to produce both olives and olive oil.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Carbamate Pesticides on Male Reproductive System
Carbamates are widely used and known around the world as pesticides in spite of also having medical applications. Carbamates are mostly used as pesticides worldwide, despite their interesting medical applications, such as in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer’s disease, or glaucoma, among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
TGV Track Construction
LGV construction is the process by which the land on which TGV trains are to run is prepared for their use, involving carving the trackbed and laying the track. It is similar to the building of standard railway lines, but there are differences. In particular, construction process is more precise in order for the track to be suitable for regular use at 300 km/h (186 mph). The quality of construction was put to the test in particular during the TGV world speed record runs on the LGV Atlantique; the track was used at over 500 km/h (310 mph) without suffering significant damage. This contrasts with previous French world rail speed record (326/331 km/h in 1955) attempts which resulted in severe deformation of the track.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Michael Martin
Michael L. Martin (February 3, 1932 – May 27, 2015) was an American philosopher and former professor at Boston University.[1] Martin specialized in the philosophy of religion, although he also worked on the philosophies of science, law, and social science. He served with the US Marine Corps in Korea.[2] Martin died unexpectedly on 27 May 2015, aged 83.[3][4] Martin completed a Bachelor of S
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
History of Automated Electrocardiogram Interpretation
The most recent development in the field of automated electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis has been the use of artificial intelligence (AI), including a variety of machine learning techniques to aid interpretation. One of the authors (PWM) was involved in the use of neural networks in the early 1990s but at that time, use of a simple neural network did not prove to be of any great advantage in ECG interpretation compared to the use of more basic, straightforward diagnostic criteria.  This entry describes the development of automated ECG interpretation since its beginnings in Washington DC around 1960 up until the present.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Source Camera Identification Techniques
The successful investigation and prosecution of significant crimes, including child pornography, insurance fraud, movie piracy, traffic monitoring, and scientific fraud, hinge largely on the availability of solid evidence to establish the case beyond any reasonable doubt. When dealing with digital images/videos as evidence in such investigations, there is a critical need to conclusively prove the source camera/device of the questioned image. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Polymer Electrolytes
Lithium-based electrolytes are, at least from a thermodynamic standpoint, the most suitable ion-transport materials for energy storage systems. However, lithium-based ionic conductors suffer from safety concerns, and the limited availability of lithium in the Earth’s crust is at the root of the need to consider alternative metal ions. Notably, sodium stands out as the sixth most-prevalent element; therefore, when considering mineral reserves, it as a very attractive candidate as an alternative to the status quo. Even if the specific energy and energy density of sodium are indeed inferior with respect to those of lithium, there is substantial economic appeal in promoting the use of the former metal in stationary energy storage applications. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cosmic-ray Sources - Black Holes
Cosmic rays were discovered over one hundred years ago but there are still unsolved problems. One of the hot problems is the origin of cosmic rays of the highest energies. Sources are still unclear and it is neither clear how particles gain ultra-high energies. Possible sources of cosmic rays at the highest energies are supermassive black holes. From this perspective we discuss in a popular form some recent developments in cosmic ray studies along with author’s recent results.The paper also offers materials for further reading.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Genus Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae)
The genus Eremophila (family Scrophulariaceae) consists of approximately 200 species that are widely distributed in the semi-arid and arid regions of Australia. Multiple Eremophila spp. are used as traditional medicines by the First Australians in the areas in which they grow. They are used for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardiac properties. Many species of this genus are beneficial against several diseases and ailments.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Protein Intake in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
In chronic degenerative diseases related to nitrogen metabolism and excretion, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), the optimization of the amount of protein ingested in the diet is especially relevant. The occurrence of metabolic disorders and the nature of the amino acid mixture resulting from protein digestion, the general state of the patient and the severity of the CKD implies that proper protein intake should be carefully considered.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanomicelles Delivery Systems
The efficient and selective delivery of therapeutic drugs to the target site remains the main obstacle in the development of new drugs and therapeutic interventions. Up until today, nanomicelles have shown their prospective as nanocarriers for drug delivery owing to their small size, good biocompatibility, and capacity to effectively entrap lipophilic drugs in their core. Nanomicelles are formed via self-assembly in aqueous media of amphiphilic molecules into well-organized supramolecular structures.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bone Products Bioequivalence Study
An FDA-regulated, prescription medical food (Fosteum; 27 mg natural genistein, 200 IU cholecalciferol, 20 mg citrated zinc bisglycinate (4 mg elemental zinc) per capsule) and an over-the-counter (OTC) supplement (Citracal Plus Bone Density Builder; 27 mg synthetic genistein, 600 mg elemental calcium (calcium citrate), 400 IU vitamin D3, 50 mg magnesium, 7.5 mg zinc, 1 mg copper, 75 μg molybdenum, 250 μg boron per two tablets) were compared to a clinically proven bone formulation (27 mg natural genistein, 400 IU cholecalciferol, 500 mg elemental calcium (calcium carbonate) per tablet; the Squadrito formulation) in an 8-day steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study of healthy postmenopausal women (n = 30) randomized to receive 54 mg of genistein per day. Trough serum samples were obtained before the final dose on the morning of the ninth day followed by sampling at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. Total serum genistein, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase digestion, was measured by time-resolved fluorometric assay. Maximal time (T max), concentration (C max), half-life (T 1/2), and area under the curve (AUC) were determined for genistein in each formulation. Fosteum and the Squadrito study formulation were equivalent for genistein T max (2 hrs), C max (0.7 μM), T 1/2 (18 ± 6.9 versus 21 ± 4.9 hrs), and AUC (9221 ± 413 versus 9818 ± 1370 ng·hr/mL). The OTC supplement's synthetically derived genistein, however, showed altered T max (6 hrs), C max (0.57 μM), T 1/2 (8.3 ± 1.9 hrs), and AUC (6474 ± 287 ng·hr/mL). Differences in uptake may be due to multiple ingredients in the OTC supplement which interfere with genistein absorption.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neo-Tropical Rodent Meat
Non-domestic neo-tropical animals have tremendous potential as a source of meat for human consumption. Rodents such as the lappe (Agouti paca), agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), and the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) have been identified as having great potential to be domesticated. These rodents have been used in rural villages by hunters as a source of meat protein.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Creatine Supplementation
Creatine is a popular ergogenic aid among athletic populations with consistent evidence indicating that creatine supplementation also continues to be commonly used among adolescent populations. In addition, the evidence base supporting the therapeutic benefits of creatine supplementation for a plethora of clinical applications in both adults and children continues to grow. Among pediatric populations, a strong rationale exists for creatine to afford therapeutic benefits pertaining to multiple neuromuscular and metabolic disorders, with preliminary evidence for other subsets of clinical populations as well. Despite the strong evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation among adult populations, less is known as to whether similar physiological benefits extend to children and adolescent populations, and in particular those adolescent populations who are regularly participating in high-intensity exercise training. While limited in scope, studies involving creatine supplementation and exercise performance in adolescent athletes generally report improvements in several ergogenic outcomes with limited evidence of ergolytic properties and consistent reports indicating no adverse events associated with supplementation.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Food Waste Biorefinery
Food waste biorefineries for the production of biofuels, platform chemicals, and other bio-based materials can significantly reduce a huge environmental burden and provides opportunities for a sustainable way of chemical and material production.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran
Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Agrobacterium T−DNA Integration
Agrobacterium species transfer DNA (T−DNA) to plant cells where it may integrate into plant chromosomes. The process of integration is thought to involve invasion and ligation of T-DNA, or its copying, into nicks or breaks in the host genome. Integrated T−DNA often contains, at its junctions with plant DNA, deletions of T−DNA or plant DNA, filler DNA, and/or microhomology between T-DNA and plant DNA pre-integration sites. T−DNA integration is also often associated with major plant genome rearrangements, including inversions and translocations. These characteristics are similar to those often found after repair of DNA breaks, and thus DNA repair mechanisms have frequently been invoked to explain the mechanism of T−DNA integration. However, the involvement of specific plant DNA repair proteins and Agrobacterium proteins in integration remains controversial, with numerous contradictory results reported in the literature.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Aug 2021
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