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Topic Review
Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting low-temperature detectors for photons or particles. They are based on the change of resonant frequency of superconducting LC resonators by Cooper pair breaking and their unrivalled scalability makes them one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Core–Shell Pigments Nanostructure
Uses of novel technologies for improving the durability and lifespan of the construction materials have emerged as viable solutions toward the sustainable future wherein the coating industry plays a significant role in economy growth and better livelihoods. Thus, the continual innovation of various technologies to introduce diverse market products has become indispensable. Properties of materials like color stability under UV, elevated temperatures and aggressive environments, and skid and abrasion resistance are the main challenges faced by commercial coating materials, leading to more demand of natural materials as sustainable agents. Lately, nanostructured core–shell pigments with unique compositions have widely been utilized in composite materials to enhance their properties. Core–shell particles exhibit smart properties and have immense benefits when combined with building materials. 
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pothole Detection
Many datasets used to train artificial intelligence systems to recognize potholes, such as the challenging sequences for autonomous driving (CCSAD) and the Pacific Northwest road (PNW) datasets, do not produce satisfactory results. This is due to the fact that these datasets present complex but realistic scenarios of pothole detection tasks than popularly used datasets that achieve better results but do not effectively represents realistic pothole detection task. In an attempt to improve the detection accuracy of the pothole object detection problems, researchers have proposed varieties of object detection methods enhanced with super-resolution (SR) techniques that are employed to generate an enhanced image from a low-resolution image before performing object detection.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neural Circuit
A neural circuit, is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated. Neural circuits interconnect to one another to form large scale brain networks. Biological neural networks have inspired the design of artificial neural networks.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Porins in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria depend on their cell membranes for survival and environmental adaptation. They contain two membranes, one of which is the outer membrane (OM), which is home to several different outer membrane proteins (Omps). One class of important Omps is porins, which mediate the inflow of nutrients and several antimicrobial drugs. The microorganism’s sensitivity to antibiotics, which are predominantly targeted at internal sites, is greatly influenced by the permeability characteristics of porins.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crop Wild Relatives
All our crops are the result from a domestication process that has been conducted by people from around the world. This domestication process of selected wild species in parts of the world that harbour a high level of species and genetic diversity was preceded by gathering plants or parts thereof (e.g. seeds; root and tubers) for their consumption 'at home', usually combined with hunting of wild animals. The selected and gradually domesticated plants, i.e. our today's crops, have 'nephews and cousins' that are closely related to a given crop species and that are wild plants, i.e. the crop wild relatives. These species sometimes naturally interbreed with their related crops or can be crossed with the crop by using specific techniques such as molecular genetic tools. These crop wild relatives possess important genes and traits that are critically important for the improvement of our crops, through research, pre-breeding and breeding of new varieties that are better adapted to our ever-changing production environment. Climate change is causing serious threats to a number of crops and crop varieties and their adaptation to the changed conditions is critical to maintain their production level. Unfortunately, the drastic changes we have seen in our agricultural production systems during the past 70 - 80 years, the huge changes in our landscapes, the impacts of climate change and many other aspects cause a direct and severe threat to the survival of the crop wild relatives and concerted efforts are urgently required to ensure their survival. This entry provides a general introduction to this often forgotten and little known subset of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, it defines CWRs and provides information on classification of the species and presents an overview over the conservation status under in situ conditions (i.e. in nature), in ex situ conditions (i.e. in genebanks or botanic gardens) as well on how conservation approaches can be optimized by combining in situ and ex situ (the so-called complementary conservation) as well as on their use in breeding programmes. The final concluding session provides an overview of the problems encountered with the conservation (and use) and what should be done to improve the current situation to ensure a more effective and efficient conservation. The presented recommendations are based on an analysis of the threat status of the CWRs as well as on biological factors that hamper conservation as well as on other constraints encountered so far. the importance of CWRs. Details on these parameters are not included in the text below but are included in the related paper that has been recently published.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) may further progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH-related  HCC is currently the most rapid-growing indication for liver transplant in HCC patients.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Meat Quality Perception in Argentina
In Argentina, color and intramuscular fat are the main attributes of raw beef quality; however, it is necessary to clarify how consumers use them, in order to establish different marketing strategies. Consumer preferences are affected by multiple factors. Thus, the objective of the present study was to identify the Argentinian consumer’s choice behavior regarding beef color and fat content. An online survey was carried out in Argentina. It inquired about socio-demographic characteristics, purchase and consumption habits and beliefs, showing pictures related to color, marbling and the amount of fat. Choice behavior was evaluated by asking why consumers chose a particular picture out of the ones shown. Several Kruskal–Wallis tests evaluated the different hypotheses. Three different decision trees using the CHAID analysis method were created. Multifactorial analysis was carried out for clustering consumers. Regarding consumer beliefs, 90% of the respondents agreed with the sentence, “The two main characteristics defining beef quality at purchase time are meat color and marbling”. Socio-demographic characteristics affected purchase habits and beliefs; they also affected perceptions about meat color and marbling. It was possible to build three consumer groups for future marketing strategies: “hedonic” focused on a pleasing sensory experience, “appearance” prioritized the visual aspects, and the “health-conscious” consumers were interested in their healthy nutrition. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MTOR Signaling in Cancer
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role in regulation of cell survival, metabolism, growth and protein synthesis in response to upstream signals in both normal physiological and pathological conditions, especially in cancer.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells involved in obesity-associated inflammation in both mice and humans. Intensive research has yielded tremendous progress in the understanding of the additional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) beyond classical M1/M2 polarization in obesity and related comorbidities.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
LAMP-Based Point-of-Care Biosensors for Rapid Pathogen Detection
Seeking optimized infectious pathogen detection tools is of primary importance to lessen the spread of infections, allowing prompt medical attention for the infected. Among nucleic-acid-based sensing techniques, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a promising method, as it provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of microbial and viral pathogens and has enormous potential to transform current point-of-care molecular diagnostics.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of Copper in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Copper is a fundamental element for the homeostasis of the body. It is the third most abundant essential transition metal in humans. Changes in the concentration of copper in the blood are responsible for numerous diseases affecting various organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and liver. One of the most interesting aspects of copper balance is its influence on diabetes and the progression of its complications, such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Microbial Pigments
Microbial pigments play multiple roles in the ecosystem construction, survival, and fitness of all kinds of organisms. Considerably, microbial (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) pigments offer a wide array of food, drug, colorants, dyes, and imaging applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Altered Mitostasis in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multisystem disease characterized by progressive death of motor neurons, loss of muscle mass, and impaired energy metabolism. The morphology and dynamics of mitochondrial network, quality control mechanisms, motility, and overall mitochondrial function are closely interrelated pathways that play a fundamental role in the dyshomeostasis of mitochondria in neurons, surrounding glial cells, myocytes, and many other cell types across peripheral tissues. Molecular mechanisms responsible for altered mitostasis in ALS-affected cells contribute to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, energy deficiency and, ultimately, the death of motoneurons and other cells. Damaged mitochondria can release a number of proapoptotic factors and inflammatory response activators called damage-related molecular patterns, which creates a cycle of direct communication between mitochondrial disorders, inflammation, and cell degeneration.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CeRNA Networks in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Protein aggregation is classically considered the main cause of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, increasing evidence suggests that alteration of RNA metabolism is a key factor in the etiopathogenesis of these complex disorders. Non-coding RNAs are the major contributor to the human transcriptome and are particularly abundant in the central nervous system, where they have been proposed to be involved in the onset and development of NDDs. Interestingly, some ncRNAs (such as lncRNAs, circRNAs and pseudogenes) share a common functionality in their ability to regulate gene expression by modulating miRNAs in a phenomenon known as the competing endogenous RNA mechanism. Moreover, ncRNAs are found in body fluids where their presence and concentration could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers of NDDs.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
ODEX's Actions Against File-sharing
ODEX's actions against file sharing were Japan copyright owners' pre-action discovery to Singapore Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to request for subscribers details in Singapore who were traced to illegal download activities of their licensed anime series. ODEX is a Singapore-based company that licenses and releases anime for local and regional Southeast Asian consumption. As Japanese copyright owners are located in Japan, ODEX, being holder of the Japanese anime license in Singapore, were appointed to submit legal documents and court proceedings on their behalf in Singapore.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources Systems
Renewable energy solutions are appropriate for on-grid and off-grid applications, acting as a supporter for the utility network or rural locations without the need to develop or extend costly and difficult grid infrastructure. As a result, hybrid renewable energy sources (HRES) have become a popular option for grid-connected or standalone systems. HRES are systems that are reliable, CO2-emission-free, and an effective solution for minimizing dependency on one renewable resource. In attaining a reliable, clean, and cost-effective system, sizing optimal HRES is a crucial challenge.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Low-Cost Thermal Cameras
Thermal imaging is a promising technology in the medical field, in which infrared (IR) sensors can be used in e-health applications. However, in order to make this technology more accessible, the suitability of low-cost devices for such applications has been evaluated. Low-cost sensors present reduced capabilities compared to more expensive high-end devices. Therefore, their characterization is of outmost interest, which is performed in terms of the following parameters: non-uniformity (NU) effects and correction as well as their dependence on room temperature, noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD), and response curve stability with temperature. In this work, a good performance is shown for the selected low-cost sensor, especially when used in temperature-controlled environments. Thus, the suitability of such sensors for medical applications is confirmed, proving its efficiency for the particular application we are focused on, this is, the assessment of diabetic foot ulcers.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
The World Health Organization (WHO) classified gastric cancer into tubular, papillary, mucinous, poorly cohesive (including Lauren diffuse type), and mixed variants. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Modulation of Brain Hyperexcitability
People with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have significantly higher rates of subclinical and overt epileptiform activity. In animal models, oligomeric Aβ amyloid is able to induce neuronal hyperexcitability even in the early phases of the disease. Such aberrant activity subsequently leads to downstream accumulation of toxic proteins, and ultimately to further neurodegeneration and neuronal silencing mediated by concomitant tau accumulation. Several neurotransmitters participate in the initial hyperexcitable state, with increased synaptic glutamatergic tone and decreased GABAergic inhibition. These changes appear to activate excitotoxic pathways and, ultimately, cause reduced long-term potentiation, increased long-term depression, and increased GABAergic inhibitory remodelling at the network level. Brain hyperexcitability has therefore been identified as a potential target for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing cognition, and, possibly, disease modification in the longer term. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential efficacy in targeting hyperexcitability in AD, with levetiracetam showing some encouraging effects. Newer compounds and techniques, such as gene editing via viral vectors or brain stimulation, also show promise. Diagnostic challenges include identifying best biomarkers for measuring sub-clinical epileptiform discharges. Determining the timing of any intervention is critical and future trials will need to carefully stratify participants with respect to the phase of disease pathology.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Dec 2020
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