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Topic Review
“Omic” Studies and Cadasil
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy; OMIM#125310) is a systemic arteriopathy of non-atherosclerotic and non-amyloid cause. It is a rare disease affecting fewer than 2/1000 individuals, caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. It has autosomal dominant inheritance, although it can also occur due to de novo mutations. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Camellia sinensis
Tea, Camellia sinensis, which belongs to the family Theaceae, is a shrub or evergreen tree up to 16 m in height. Green tea is very popular because of its marked health benefits comprising its anticancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities, as well as its effectiveness in reducing body weight. Additionally, it was recognized by Chinese people as an effective traditional drink required for the prophylaxis against many health ailments. This is due to the complex chemical composition of green tea, which comprises different classes of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and others. The beneficial health effects of green tea ultimately led to its great consumption and increase its liability to be adulterated by either low-quality or non-green tea products with concomitant decrease in activity.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Drug Resistance in Cedecea neteri
Cedecea, a genus in the Enterobacteriaceae family, includes several opportunistic pathogens reported to cause an array of sporadic acute infections, most notably of the lung and bloodstream. One species, Cedecea neteri, is associated with cases of bacteremia in immunocompromised hosts and has documented resistance to different antibiotics, including β-lactams and colistin. Despite the potential to inflict serious infections, knowledge about drug resistance determinants in Cedecea is limited.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
AMF and Camellia Plants
Camellia is a genus of evergreen shrubs or trees, such as C. japonica, C. sinensis, C. oleifera, etc. A group of beneficial soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), inhabit the rhizosphere of these Camellia spp. A total of eight genera of Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus, Pacispora, Scutellospora, and Sclerocystis were found to be associated with Camellia plants with Glomus and/or Acaulospora being most abundant. These mycorrhizal fungi can colonize the roots of Camellia spp. and thus form arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts. AMF is an important partner of Camellia spp. in the field of physiological activities. Studies indicated that AMF inoculation has been shown to promote plant growth, improve nutrient acquisition and nutritional quality, and increase resistance to drought, salinity and heavy metal contamination in potted Camellia.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biodegradable Polymers
Biodegradable polymers are those which can degrade into water and carbon dioxide under normal environmental conditions through microbial action, providing compost as a simple and sustainable disposal option.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Dioxide Capture
Carbon capture is among the most sustainable strategies to limit carbon dioxide emissions, which account for a large share of human impact on climate change and ecosystem destruction. This growing threat calls for novel solutions to reduce emissions on an industrial level. Carbon capture by amorphous solids is among the most reasonable options as it requires less energy when compared to other techniques and has comparatively lower development and maintenance costs. In this respect, the method of carbon dioxide adsorption by solids can be used in the long-term and on an industrial scale. Furthermore, certain sorbents are reusable, which makes their use for carbon capture economically justified and acquisition of natural resources full and sustainable. Clay minerals, which are a universally available and versatile material, are amidst such sorbents. These materials are capable of interlayer and surface adsorption of carbon dioxide. In addition, their modification allows to improve carbon dioxide adsorption capabilities even more. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: Sex Differences
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a relatively new class of anti-diabetic medications that have exhibited very promising results in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). According to the 2021 American Diabetes Association guidelines, they constitute one of the preferred add-on agents when metformin monotherapy and lifestyle modifications have failed to achieve adequate glycemic control.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
“Food Village”: An Innovative Alternative Food Network
Although the different alternative food networks (AFNs) have experienced increases worldwide for the last thirty years, they are still unable to provide an alternative capable of spreading on a large scale. They in fact remain niche experiments due to some limitations on their structure and governance. Max-Neef’s Needs Matrix and Design Thinking (DT) tools were used to develop the design model. Applying the design method to the food chain is helpful to develop the concept of the “Food Village”, an innovative food supply network far from the current economic mechanisms and based on the community and eco-sustainability.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
The Dbf4-Dependent Kinase
The Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) is formed by the association of the kinase subunit, cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7), with its activating partner, dumb-bell factor 4 (Dbf4). By analogy with the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), Cdc7:Dbf4 is now most often referred to as ‘Dbf4-dependent kinase’ or DDK.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Preclinical Cold Atmospheric Plasma Cancer Treatment
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is generated in a rapid yet low-energy input streamer-discharge process under atmospheric pressure conditions and environment. CAP is an ionized gas with a low ionization degree and plenty of reactive species and radicals. These reactive components, and their near-room temperature nature, make CAP a powerful tool in medical applications, particularly cancer therapy. Here, researchers systematically introduced the research status of the preclinical application of CAP in cancer therapy, particularly in vivo studies.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
List of Adrenergic Drugs
This is a list of adrenergic drugs. These are pharmaceutical drugs, naturally occurring compounds and other chemicals that influence the function of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline).
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Biography
Heinz Pagels
Heinz Rudolf Pagels (February 19, 1939 – July 23, 1988) was an United States physicist,[1] an adjunct professor of physics at Rockefeller University, the executive director and chief executive officer of the New York Academy of Sciences, and president of the International League for Human Rights. He wrote the popular science books The Cosmic Code (1982), Perfect Symmetry (1985), and The Dreams
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Time-Sensitive Networking Standards and Applications for Intelligent Driving
The time-sensitive networking (TSN) family of standards is a tool set that offers reliability, determinism and time synchronization for safety-critical automotive communications over Ethernet links. The TSN standards leverage the previous work conducted within the IEEE 802.1 Working Group on IEEE audio video bridging (AVB). TSN is a set of specifications standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 work group (WG), the predecessor of which is audio video bridging (AVB).
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intra-Arterial Delivery of Therapeutics
Diseases of the kidney contribute a significant morbidity and mortality burden on society. Localized delivery of therapeutics directly into the kidney, via its arterial blood supply, has the potential to enhance their therapeutic efficacy while limiting side effects associated with conventional systemic delivery. Targeted delivery in humans is feasible given that we can access the renal arterial blood supply using minimally invasive endovascular techniques and imaging guidance. Techniques to reproduce or mimic this approach in a small animal model  will allow for further pre-clinical translational studies investigating therapies for the treatment of renal pathologies.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Anaerobic Fungi
Anaerobic fungi, though low in abundance in rumen, play an important role in the degradation of forage for herbivores. Anaerobic fungi have been found in almost all animals that ferment in the predigestive tract, including ruminants (e.g., Bovidae, Cervidae), pseudoruminants (e.g., hippos, camels, llamas, alpacas), and nonruminants (e.g., wallabies). They are also found in many postdigestive tract fermenters that digest plant tissues in the cecum and large intestine (e.g., elephants, horses, and rhinoceroses) and in some large herbivore rodents (e.g., long-eared guinea pigs). It appears that the establishment of anaerobic fungi in the alimentary canal of herbivores may be attributed to the complex and distinct chamber with a relatively neutral pH in the digestive tract and a long lag time in the digestive process for the ingested plant tissue, which is conducive to the growth and activity of anaerobic fungi. Therefore, anaerobic fungi, which appear in the digestive tract of these herbivores, especially in those that take in a lot of roughage, must have some unique reasons and advantages to exist in such a complex environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Bone Phantom
3-D surgical planning for restorative osteotomy is costly and time-consuming because surgeons need to be helped from commercial companies to get 3-D printed bones. However, practitioners can save time and keep the cost to a minimum by utilizing free software and establishing their 3-D printers locally. Surgical planning for the corrective osteotomy of antebrachial growth deformities (AGD) is challenging for several reasons (the nature of the biapical or multiapical conformational abnormalities and lack of a reference value for the specific breed). Pre-operative planning challenges include: a definite description of the position of the center of rotation of angulation (CORA) and proper positioning of the osteotomies applicable to the CORA. In the present study, we demonstrated an accurate and reproducible bone-cutting technique using patient-specific instrumentations (PSI) 3-D technology. The results of the location precision showed that, by using PSIs, the surgeons were able to accurately replicate preoperative resection planning. PSI results also indicate that PSI technology provides a smaller standard deviation than the freehand method. PSI technology performed in the distal radial angular deformity may provide good cutting accuracy. In conclusion, the PSI technology may improve bone-cutting accuracy during corrective osteotomy by providing clinically acceptable margins.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
HSV-1 Non-Essential Proteins
Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Gravitational Valves in Hydrocephalus Management
In the past decade, there has been a clear trend towards better outcomes in patients with hydro-cephalus, especially those with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). This is partly due to the availability of more sophisticated hardware and a better understanding of implants. However, there is little evidence to show the superiority of a specific type of valve over another. The most commonly reported consequence of hydrodynamic mismatch is shunt over-drainage. Simple dif-ferential pressure valves, with a fixed opening pressure or even adjustable valves, lead to non-physiologic intraventricular pressure (IVP) as soon as the patient moves into an upright pos-ture. These valves fail to maintain IVP within physiological limits due to the changes in hydro-static pressure in the drainage system. To solve this problem more complex third-generation hy-drostatic valves have been designed. These gravitational devices aim to reduce flow through a shunt system when the patient is upright but there are important technical differences between them.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and Endometrial Cancer
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism and neoplastic transformation. Recent studies have tried to clarify the significance of these information carriers in the genesis and progression of various cancers and their use as biomarkers for the disease; possible targets for the inhibition of growth and invasion by the neoplastic cells have been suggested. The significance of ncRNAs in lung cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma has been amply investigated with important results. Recently, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has also been included in cancer studies. Studies on the relation between endometrial cancer (EC) and ncRNAs, such as small ncRNAs or micro RNAs (miRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), antisense RNAs (asRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), lncRNAs, and long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) have been published. The recent literature produced in the last three years was extracted from PubMed by two independent readers, which was then selected for the possible relation between ncRNAs, oncogenesis in general, and EC in particular.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Carcinogenic Effects of Formaldehyde Occupational Exposure
Formaldehyde is a chemical compound present in many working activities and indoor workplaces. Occupational exposure occurs primarily by inhaling airborne formaldehyde, but it can also be absorbed through the skin or ingested. Formaldehyde, classified as a carcinogen in 2004, as of today is widely used in many work activities. The evidence of correlation between formaldehyde occupational exposure and the occurrence of cancer is limited. Recent evidence suggest that its carcinogenicity should be re-evaluated, especially in view of current exposure limits.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2022
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