Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Regulations of RNA Metabolism by RNA-Binding Proteins
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are proteins that physically and functionally bind to RNA to regulate the RNA metabolism such as alternative splicing, polyadenylation, transport, maintenance of stability, localization, and translation. There is accumulating evidence that dysregulated RBPs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors including a variety of types of sarcomas. On the other hand, prognosis of patients with sarcoma, especially with sarcoma in advanced stages, is very poor, and almost no effective standard treatment has been established for most of types of sarcomas, highlighting the urgent need for identifying novel therapeutic targets based on the deep understanding of pathogenesis.
  • 805
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts as Tumor Microenvironment Modifiers
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment that are integral to cancer progression. Subtypes of CAFs across a variety of cancers have been revealed, and each play a different role in cancer progression or suppression. CAFs secrete signaling molecules that remodel the extracellular matrix, modulate immune responses and regulate cancer growth and metastasis.
  • 805
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Nervous System in Cancer Hallmarks
The nervous system communicates with the whole organism, regulating several physiological pathways. The modification of nerve activity could deregulate the state of cellular and tissue homeostasis which could drive cancer development.
  • 805
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Negative Emotions on Breast Cancer Prognosis
Negative emotions (NEs) are unpleasant moods regularly disruptive, intended to express a negative effect that can be anger, depression, envy, fear, frustration, and sadness. Emotions are multifaceted reactions involving several biochemical and physiological processes within the body. The brain often responds to our feelings by releasing chemicals and hormones, which direct us into a state of whether positive or negative. NEs are a complex process and don't have the capacity to deal with negative feelings, thus often experiencing them. NEs and their impacts have greatly influenced the higher incidence and risk of breast cancer (BC). They were also significantly associated with other high-risk factors including, geographical distribution, emotion types, standard diagnosis of NEs, and follow-up duration. NEs significantly increase the risk for the incidence of BC, which can be supportive of the prognosis of the disease. 
  • 804
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Management of the Older Patients with Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the commonest malignancies with high rates of mortality worldwide. Older gastric cancer patients who are fit for trial inclusion may benefit from surgical intervention and peri-operative systemic chemotherapy strategies. For patients with metastatic disease, management has been revolutionized by the use of anti-HER2 directed therapies as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy. Early data suggest that fit older patients may also benefit from these therapeutic interventions. However, once again there may be limitations in extrapolating these data to everyday clinical practice with older patients being less likely to have a good performance status and an intact immune system. Therefore, determining the functional age and not just the chronological age of a patient prior to initiating therapy becomes very important. The functional decline including reduced organ function that may occur in older patients makes the integration of some form of geriatric assessment in routine clinical practice very relevant.
  • 804
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
SOX Protein in Lung Cancer
The expression of SOX proteins has been demonstrated in many tissues at various stages of embryogenesis, where they play the role of transcription factors. The SOX18 protein (along with SOX7 and SOX17) belongs to the SOXF group and is mainly involved in the development of the cardiovascular system, where its expression was found in the endothelium. SOX18 expression was also demonstrated in neoplastic lines of gastric, pancreatic and colon adenocarcinomas. The prognostic role of SOX30 expression has only been studied in lung adenocarcinomas, where a low expression of this factor in the stromal tumor was associated with a worse prognosis for patients. Because of the complexity of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development, the role of the SOX proteins in this malignancy is still not fully understood. Many recently published papers show that SOX family protein members play a crucial role in the progression of NSCLC.
  • 803
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Next-Generation Target for Cancer Immunotherapy
The most successful strategies for solid cancer immunotherapy have centered on targeting the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory T cell molecules that regulate T cell activation. Although immunotherapy that targets surface receptors such as CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 with recombinant antibodies has been a game changer for cancer treatment, a sizeable subset of patients still fail to respond to, and even fewer patients are cured by, these therapy regimens. The identification of alternate and potentially additive immune checkpoint candidates is intended to improve immunotherapies for a large number of cancer patients. Therefore, we focused on checkpoints located inside immune cells as suitable targets for future cancer drugs. We demonstrated, in recent years, the crucial T lymphocyte-intrinsic role of the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F6 as an intracellular checkpoint in fine-tuning adaptive immunity. NR2F6 induced an anti-inflammatory signal in the T cell compartment.
  • 803
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Gene Regulation by microRNA in Cancer
Currently, the search for new promising tools of immunotherapy continues. In this regard, microRNAs that influence immune checkpoint gene expression in tumor and T-cells. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by blocking mRNA translation. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy.
  • 803
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a term collectively used to describe all cancers that develop in the oral and nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the salivary glands, the pharynx, and the larynx.  A biomarker is a biological finding that stands in for and optimally forecasts a clinically related outcome or an intermediate result that is more difficult to detect. It is a specific characteristic that is measured as an indicator of the normal biological procedures, pathological mechanisms or responses to an exposure or interference. Recent evidence suggests that DNA methylation can alter the expression of genes in a way that it favors tumorigenesis and tumor progression in HNSCC, and therefore represents a potential source for biomarker identification.
  • 803
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin C in Treatment of Patients with Cancer
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient, that plays an important role in numerous physiological processes in the human body. Vitamin C stimulates the production and activation of immune cells, so perhaps supplementation could be used to improve the immunity in cancer patients .
  • 802
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Therapeutics of Gastroesophageal Cancers
Gastroesophageal cancers are a group of aggressive malignancies that are inherently heterogeneous with poor prognosis. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma all have distinct underlying molecular biology, which can impact available targets and treatment response. Novel therapeutic targets are under development and future treatments will be personalized based on molecular profiling.
  • 802
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab Association in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are highly aggressive malignant tumors with poor overall prognosis despite multimodal therapy.
  • 802
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TERT Genetic Alterations
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations are reportedly the most frequent somatic genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 801
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Optic Pathway Glioma
Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a dominantly inherited condition predisposing to tumor development. Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is the most frequent central nervous system tumor in children with NF1, affecting approximately 15–20% of patients. The lack of well-established prognostic markers and the wide clinical variability with respect to tumor progression and visual outcome make the clinical management of these tumors challenging, with significant differences among distinct centers. We reviewed published articles on OPG diagnostic protocol, follow-up and treatment in NF1. Cohorts of NF1 children with OPG reported in the literature and patients prospectively collected in our center were analyzed with regard to clinical data, tumor anatomical site, diagnostic workflow, treatment and outcome.
  • 801
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a well-studied phenomenon in embryology and occurs during the morphogenesis of organs. It is described as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) type I. The molecular procedure of EMT is also reprogrammed in the healing of wounds and the pathological fibrosis of organs, known as EMT type II. EMT III is the type that is implicated in tumor metastasis. While initially focusing on the abolishment of epithelial and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by the tumor cells, the idea behind EMT currently incorporates all the phenotypic and molecular characteristics that enable tumor cells to migrate, survive, and proliferate in distant tissues. In other words, it is a complete model of molecular processes signaled by specific factors called inducers. This model progresses via cross-linked molecular pathways, concluding with functional and structural modifications that make the carcinoma cells metastatic. These modifications are mediated by molecules known as the effectors of EMT.
  • 801
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Novel hybrid IGP before Esophagectomy
Esophagectomy has a high rate of anastomotic complications thought to be caused by poor perfusion of the gastric graft, which is used to restore the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract. Ischemic gastric preconditioning (IGP), performed by partially destroying preoperatively the gastric vessels either by means of interventional radiology or surgically, might improve the gastric conduit perfusion. Both approaches have downsides. The timing, extent and mechanism of IGP remain unclear. A novel hybrid IGP method combining the advantages of the endovascular and surgical approach was introduced in this study. IGP improves unequivocally the mucosal and serosal blood-flow at the gastric conduit fundus by triggering new vessels formation. The proposed timing and extent of IGP were efficacious and might be easily applied to humans. This novel minimally invasive IGP technique might reduce the anastomotic leak rate of patients undergoing esophagectomy, thus improving their overall oncological outcome.
  • 800
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Safety of Anti-COVID-19 Nutraceuticals for Patients with Cancer
Dietary supplement use has increased more than 35% globally since the COVID-19 outbreak. While some nutraceuticals are potentially efficacious against severe disease from COVID-19, their indiscriminate use by patients with cancer without medical supervision is concerning. The use of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium supplements is likely safe and even potentially beneficial at typically recommended doses. However, caution is advised regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, as risks from their use may outweigh the benefits.
  • 800
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Host–Microbiota Interactions in Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a difficult to treat liver cancer that generally arises in individuals suffering from alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Inflammation, tissue injury and fibrosis are important precursors of HCC. Translocation of microbial- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs) from the gut to the liver elicits profound chronic inflammation, leading to severe hepatic injury and eventually HCC progression. 
  • 799
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Genistein for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women. Genistein (GNT) is a soy-based phytoestrogen and is consumed regularly by Asian populations. This phytoestrogen may be one of the leading compounds as its safe and anticancer activities have already been tested in several in vitro and preclinical models. GNT has a structural similarity to 17 β-estradiol, and it binds to estrogen receptor ER-β with higher affinity compared to ER-α. Several studies suggested that GNT exerts pleiotropic effects, including inhibiting the cell cycle, inducing the cellular apoptosis process, suppressing metastasis and angiogenesis, modulating oxidative stress, and mammosphere formation in in vitro BC models. Furthermore, this phytoestrogen exerts several synergistic activities, as it can enhance the efficacy of conventional drugs against BC and reduce chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Moreover, many in vivo and clinical trials also support that GNT can be considered a promising chemopreventive agent for treating different types of BC.
  • 799
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of women’s death from cancers. The high mortality rate is attributed to the late presence of the disease and the lack of modern diagnostic tools, including molecular biomarkers. Moreover, OC is a highly heterogeneous disease, which contributes to early treatment failure. Thus, exploring OC molecular mechanisms could significantly enhance the understanding of the disease and provide new treatment options. Chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) are ATP-dependent molecular machines responsible for chromatin reorganization and involved in many DNA-related processes, including transcriptional regulation, replication, and reparation. Dysregulation of chromatin remodeling machinery may be related to cancer development and chemoresistance in OC. Some forms of OC and other gynecologic diseases have been associated with mutations in specific CRC genes. Most notably, ARID1A in endometriosis-related OC, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in hypercalcemic type small cell ovarian carcinoma (SCCOHT), ACTL6A, CHRAC1, RSF1 amplification in high-grade serous OC.
  • 799
  • 24 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback