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Topic Review
Bone Sarcoma and IGF/IGF-IR -signaling
Bone sarcomas, mesenchymal origin tumors, represent a substantial group of varying neoplasms of a distinct entity. Bone sarcoma patients show a limited response or do not respond to chemotherapy. Notably, developing efficient chemotherapy approaches, dealing with chemoresistance, and preventing metastasis pose unmet challenges in sarcoma therapy. 
  • 794
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a term collectively used to describe all cancers that develop in the oral and nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the salivary glands, the pharynx, and the larynx.  A biomarker is a biological finding that stands in for and optimally forecasts a clinically related outcome or an intermediate result that is more difficult to detect. It is a specific characteristic that is measured as an indicator of the normal biological procedures, pathological mechanisms or responses to an exposure or interference. Recent evidence suggests that DNA methylation can alter the expression of genes in a way that it favors tumorigenesis and tumor progression in HNSCC, and therefore represents a potential source for biomarker identification.
  • 794
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Gene Regulation by microRNA in Cancer
Currently, the search for new promising tools of immunotherapy continues. In this regard, microRNAs that influence immune checkpoint gene expression in tumor and T-cells. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by blocking mRNA translation. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy.
  • 793
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Molecular and Genetic Factors of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most malignant types of cancer in men. It can spread to distant sites, including bones, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and brain.
  • 793
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Genistein for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women. Genistein (GNT) is a soy-based phytoestrogen and is consumed regularly by Asian populations. This phytoestrogen may be one of the leading compounds as its safe and anticancer activities have already been tested in several in vitro and preclinical models. GNT has a structural similarity to 17 β-estradiol, and it binds to estrogen receptor ER-β with higher affinity compared to ER-α. Several studies suggested that GNT exerts pleiotropic effects, including inhibiting the cell cycle, inducing the cellular apoptosis process, suppressing metastasis and angiogenesis, modulating oxidative stress, and mammosphere formation in in vitro BC models. Furthermore, this phytoestrogen exerts several synergistic activities, as it can enhance the efficacy of conventional drugs against BC and reduce chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Moreover, many in vivo and clinical trials also support that GNT can be considered a promising chemopreventive agent for treating different types of BC.
  • 792
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Management of the Older Patients with Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the commonest malignancies with high rates of mortality worldwide. Older gastric cancer patients who are fit for trial inclusion may benefit from surgical intervention and peri-operative systemic chemotherapy strategies. For patients with metastatic disease, management has been revolutionized by the use of anti-HER2 directed therapies as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy. Early data suggest that fit older patients may also benefit from these therapeutic interventions. However, once again there may be limitations in extrapolating these data to everyday clinical practice with older patients being less likely to have a good performance status and an intact immune system. Therefore, determining the functional age and not just the chronological age of a patient prior to initiating therapy becomes very important. The functional decline including reduced organ function that may occur in older patients makes the integration of some form of geriatric assessment in routine clinical practice very relevant.
  • 792
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a well-studied phenomenon in embryology and occurs during the morphogenesis of organs. It is described as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) type I. The molecular procedure of EMT is also reprogrammed in the healing of wounds and the pathological fibrosis of organs, known as EMT type II. EMT III is the type that is implicated in tumor metastasis. While initially focusing on the abolishment of epithelial and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by the tumor cells, the idea behind EMT currently incorporates all the phenotypic and molecular characteristics that enable tumor cells to migrate, survive, and proliferate in distant tissues. In other words, it is a complete model of molecular processes signaled by specific factors called inducers. This model progresses via cross-linked molecular pathways, concluding with functional and structural modifications that make the carcinoma cells metastatic. These modifications are mediated by molecules known as the effectors of EMT.
  • 791
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
miRNA as a Therapy Target in Breast Cancer
Most miRNAs are found inside the cell but also migrate in body fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, or breast milk. Thus, these short RNA particles are considered diagnostic and therapeutic markers, especially in cancer, neurology, or cardiology. It is noteworthy that miRNA dysregulation is common in many cancer cases as they can act as both tumor suppressors or oncogenes. miRNA as a therapy target is gaining extensive attention due to its various effects on cancer development. For example, supplementation of miRNA mimics (miR-15a) in prostate cancer cell lines induced apoptosis and blocked cell proliferation. Another study showed that miR-99a reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies showed that targeting miRNA with its antagonists might lead to tumor suppression and efficient, personalized cancer therapy. Significantly, miRNA-targeted therapy may influence a single gene and whole cellular pathways, which can be particularly beneficial. Specifically, the latest approach in miRNA therapeutics is mainly based on two strategies, i.e., the inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs and, hence, the restoration of the expression of tumor-suppressing genes that they target, or restoring the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs and consequently inhibiting the oncogenes that they target. Downregulation of tumor miRNA suppressors leads to the overexpression of their target oncogenes. To restore the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs, promising areas are the mimic miRNAs. They are small, chemically modified (2′-O’methoxy) double-stranded RNA molecules that mimic the endogenous mature miRNA molecules.
  • 791
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands out as the predominant malignant neoplasm affecting the pancreas, characterized by a poor prognosis, in most cases patients being diagnosed in a nonresectable stage. Image-based artificial intelligence (AI) models implemented in tumor detection, segmentation, and classification could improve diagnosis with better treatment options and increased survival. 
  • 791
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PET Radiomics
PET radiomics is a new medical imaging field exploiting image features to develop novel diagnostic, predictive and prognostic multiparametric models to support personalized clinical decisions and improve individualized treatment selection.
  • 790
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Optic Pathway Glioma
Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a dominantly inherited condition predisposing to tumor development. Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is the most frequent central nervous system tumor in children with NF1, affecting approximately 15–20% of patients. The lack of well-established prognostic markers and the wide clinical variability with respect to tumor progression and visual outcome make the clinical management of these tumors challenging, with significant differences among distinct centers. We reviewed published articles on OPG diagnostic protocol, follow-up and treatment in NF1. Cohorts of NF1 children with OPG reported in the literature and patients prospectively collected in our center were analyzed with regard to clinical data, tumor anatomical site, diagnostic workflow, treatment and outcome.
  • 790
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Injectable Poloxamer Hydrogels for Local Cancer Therapy
The widespread push to invest in local cancer therapies comes from the need to overcome the limitations of systemic treatment options. In contrast to intravenous administration, local treatments using intratumoral or peritumoral injections are independent of tumor vasculature and allow high concentrations of therapeutic agents to reach the tumor site with minimal systemic toxicity. Injectable biodegradable hydrogels offer a clear advantage over other delivery systems because the former requires no surgical procedures and promotes drug retention at the tumor site. More precisely, in situ gelling systems based on poloxamers have garnered considerable attention due to their thermoresponsive behavior, biocompatibility, ease of preparation, and possible incorporation of different anticancer agents.
  • 790
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PTEN and Cancer
The PTEN gene is an important and well-characterised tumour suppressor, known to be altered in many cancer types. Interestingly, the effect of the loss or mutation of PTEN is not dichotomous, and small changes in PTEN cellular levels can promote cancer development.
  • 790
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Conventional Therapies in Colorectal Cancer
Biological heterogeneity and low inherent immunogenicity are two features that greatly impact therapeutic management and outcome in colorectal cancer. Despite high local control rates, systemic tumor dissemination remains the main cause of treatment failure and stresses the need for new developments in combined-modality approaches. In this context, cytotoxic agents such as radiation and certain chemotherapeutics can be utilized to enhance the immunogenicity of an otherwise immunologically silent disease and enable responsiveness to immune therapy. Here, we explore the immunological characteristics of colorectal cancer, the effects that standard-of-care treatments have on the immune system, and the opportunities arising from combining immune checkpoint-blocking therapy with immune-modulating conventional treatments.
  • 789
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin A and Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide with a high recurrence rate, morbidity and mortality. Therefore, chemoprevention and improved treatment of BC are of paramount importance. Epidemiological studies suggest that adequate vitamin A intake may be associated with reduced BC risk. In addition, retinoids, natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, are intensively studied in cancer research due to their antioxidant properties and their ability to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Findings from in vivo and in vitro models of BC show great potential for the use of retinoids in the chemoprevention and treatment of BC. However, translation to the clinical practice is limited.
  • 789
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Microrna-143/145 Cluster in Tumors
The establishment and spreading of cancer involve the acquirement of many biological functions including resistance to apoptosis, enhanced proliferation and the ability to invade the surrounding tissue, extravasate from the primary site, survive in circulating blood, and finally extravasate and colonize distant organs giving origin to metastatic lesions, the major cause of cancer deaths. Dramatic changes in the expression of protein coding genes due to altered transcription factors activity or to epigenetic modifications orchestrate these events, intertwining with a microRNA regulatory network that is often disrupted in cancer cells. microRNAs-143 and -145 represent puzzling players of this game, with apparently contradictory functions. They were at first classified as tumor suppressive due to their frequently reduced levels in tumors, correlating with cell survival, proliferation, and migration. More recently, pro-oncogenic roles of these microRNAs have been described, challenging their simplistic definition as merely tumor-suppressive. Here we review their known activities in tumors, whether oncogenic or onco-suppressive, and highlight how their expression and functions are strongly dependent on their complex regulation downstream and upstream of cytokines and growth factors, on the cell type of expression and on the specific tumor stage. 
  • 789
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Regulations of RNA Metabolism by RNA-Binding Proteins
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are proteins that physically and functionally bind to RNA to regulate the RNA metabolism such as alternative splicing, polyadenylation, transport, maintenance of stability, localization, and translation. There is accumulating evidence that dysregulated RBPs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors including a variety of types of sarcomas. On the other hand, prognosis of patients with sarcoma, especially with sarcoma in advanced stages, is very poor, and almost no effective standard treatment has been established for most of types of sarcomas, highlighting the urgent need for identifying novel therapeutic targets based on the deep understanding of pathogenesis.
  • 789
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab Association in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are highly aggressive malignant tumors with poor overall prognosis despite multimodal therapy.
  • 789
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of women’s death from cancers. The high mortality rate is attributed to the late presence of the disease and the lack of modern diagnostic tools, including molecular biomarkers. Moreover, OC is a highly heterogeneous disease, which contributes to early treatment failure. Thus, exploring OC molecular mechanisms could significantly enhance the understanding of the disease and provide new treatment options. Chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) are ATP-dependent molecular machines responsible for chromatin reorganization and involved in many DNA-related processes, including transcriptional regulation, replication, and reparation. Dysregulation of chromatin remodeling machinery may be related to cancer development and chemoresistance in OC. Some forms of OC and other gynecologic diseases have been associated with mutations in specific CRC genes. Most notably, ARID1A in endometriosis-related OC, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in hypercalcemic type small cell ovarian carcinoma (SCCOHT), ACTL6A, CHRAC1, RSF1 amplification in high-grade serous OC.
  • 789
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Highly Differentiated Follicular Carcinoma of Ovarian Origin
Highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin (HDFCO) is an extremely uncommon neoplasm, associated with struma ovarii. There are scarce cases reported in the literature and, subsequently, no reliable conclusions on its pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis can be drawn. 
  • 789
  • 23 Dec 2022
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