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Topic Review
BRAF Mutation in Cutaneous Melanoma
In advanced melanoma, BRAF mutation testing is critical in predicting treatment response with targeted therapy (i.e., BRAF/MEK inhibitors). Certain features were identified in melanomas that harbor BRAF mutations (e.g., primary lesions located on the trunk, diagnosed in patients <50, visibly pigmented tumors and, at times, with ulceration or specific dermatoscopic features). For select advanced melanoma patients, delays in determining mutational status present a significant barrier to the prompt initiation of treatment.  This can adversely impact patient outcomes, especially in the metastatic setting due to a rapidly progressive disease. Treatment in these cases needs to start promptly by a medical oncologist. Ordering BRAF testing by preceding members of the treating team will allow medical oncologists to initiate treatment at the first visit. According to poor survival outcomes, we propose that patients with thick tumors (>4.0 mm) or >2 mm tumors with ulceration (i.e., stage ≥IIB) should potentially be considered for systemic therapy, thus justifying reflex BRAF testing.
  • 778
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Role of Heat-Shock Proteins in Esophagogastric Cancer
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been classified into six prominent families: high-molecular-mass HSP, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small heat shock proteins. HSPs participate in protein folding, stability, and maturation of several proteins during stress, such as in heat, oxidative stress, fever, and inflammation. Due to the immunogenic host’s role in the combat against cancer cells and the role of inflammation in cancer control or progression, abnormal expression of these proteins has been associated with many types of cancer, including esophagogastric cancer. 
  • 778
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Highly Differentiated Follicular Carcinoma of Ovarian Origin
Highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin (HDFCO) is an extremely uncommon neoplasm, associated with struma ovarii. There are scarce cases reported in the literature and, subsequently, no reliable conclusions on its pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis can be drawn. 
  • 778
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Endostatin and Cancer Therapy
Endostatin constitutes one of the most studied peptides with inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. This peptide is a 20 kDa C-terminal cleavage fragment from the α1 chain of type XVIII collagen, which is an extracellular matrix protein recognized for its anti-atherosclerotic effect as well as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endostatin has been artificially synthesized in a recombinant human form with the addition of nine extra amino acids that confer greater stability, solubility, and antiangiogenic effect. The endostatin mechanism of action is not completely understood. Evidence shows that this molecule exerts its angiostatic effect through multiple mechanisms involving elements of the extracellular matrix, as well as proteins and signaling cascades related to endothelial cell migration and proliferation.
  • 778
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radioprotection
CAPE-incorporated nanoparticles of HAsPBPE were fabricated by the nanoprecipitation method and then the organic solvent was removed by dialysis. CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have a small particle size of about 80 or 100 nm and they have a spherical shape. When CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles were irradiated, nanoparticles became swelled or disintegrated and their morphologies were changed. Furthermore, the CAPE release rate from HAsPBPE nanoparticles were increased according to the radiation dose, indicating that CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have radio-sensitivity. CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles appropriately prevented radiation-induced cell death and suppressed intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles efficiently improved survivability of mice from radiation-induced death and reduced apoptotic cell death. 
  • 777
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Protein SUMOylation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a highly conserved post-translational modification protein, mainly found in eukaryotes. They are widely expressed in different tissues, including the liver. As an essential post-translational modification, SUMOylation is involved in many necessary regulations in cells. It plays a vital role in DNA repair, transcription regulation, protein stability and cell cycle progression. Increasing shreds of evidence show that SUMOylation is closely related to Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 777
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TERT Genetic Alterations
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mutations are reportedly the most frequent somatic genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 776
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoints as Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer
To increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy based on immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition, some ICs are being investigated in addition to those used in clinic. Increased expression of the most studied ICs—PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4—is associated with poor survival; their inhibition is clinically significant. Expression of IDO1, CD155, and ADAM17 is also associated with poor survival, including gastric cancer (GC). The available data indicate that CD155 and ADAM17 are promising targets for immune therapy. However, the clinical trials of anti-IDO1 antibodies have been unsatisfactory. Expression of Galectin-3 and -9, CEACAM1 and Siglec-15 demonstrates a contradictory relationship with patient survival. In conclusion, in many cases it is important to analyze the expression of other participants of the immune response besides target IC. The PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO1 and ADAM17 may be considered as candidates for prognosis markers for GC patient survival.
  • 775
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Nervous System in Cancer Hallmarks
The nervous system communicates with the whole organism, regulating several physiological pathways. The modification of nerve activity could deregulate the state of cellular and tissue homeostasis which could drive cancer development.
  • 775
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with limited treatment options in the advanced stages.
  • 774
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Early-Stage Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, accounting for more than 1.8 million fatalities each year. It is also the second most frequent type of malignancy, with more than 2.2 million cases diagnosed annually. Recent advances in cancer biology and genomics research have the potential of revealing more biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and targeted therapies. A new source of biomarkers are the non-coding RNAs, especially miRNAs.
  • 774
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Therapeutics of Gastroesophageal Cancers
Gastroesophageal cancers are a group of aggressive malignancies that are inherently heterogeneous with poor prognosis. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma all have distinct underlying molecular biology, which can impact available targets and treatment response. Novel therapeutic targets are under development and future treatments will be personalized based on molecular profiling.
  • 774
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast (MpBC) is a very rare and aggressive type of breast cancer. Data focusing on MpBC are limited. Eligible articles about MpBC were identified by searching CASES SERIES gov and the MEDLINE bibliographic database for the period of 1 January 2010 to 1 June 2021 with the keywords metaplastic breast cancer, mammary gland cancer, neoplasm, tumor, and metaplastic carcinoma.
  • 774
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Polycomb-like Proteins in Gene Regulation and Cancer
Polycomb-like proteins (PCLs) are a crucial group of proteins associated with the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and are responsible for setting up the PRC2.1 subcomplex. In the vertebrate system, three homologous PCLs exist: PHF1 (PCL1), MTF2 (PCL2), and PHF19 (PCL3). Although the PCLs share a similar domain composition, they differ significantly in their primary sequence. PCLs play a critical role in targeting PRC2.1 to its genomic targets and regulating the functionality of PRC2. However, they also have PRC2-independent functions. In addition to their physiological roles, their dysregulation has been associated with various human cancers.
  • 774
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Epstein-Barr Virus
Reports about the oncogenic mechanisms underlying nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been accumulating since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in NPC cells. EBV is the primary causative agent of NPC. EBV–host and tumor–immune system interactions underlie the unique representative pathology of NPC, which is an undifferentiated cancer cell with extensive lymphocyte infiltration. Recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion and checkpoints have changed the treatment of NPC in clinical settings. The main EBV genes involved in NPC are LMP1, which is the primary EBV oncogene, and BZLF1, which induces the lytic phase of EBV. These two multifunctional genes affect host cell behavior, including the tumor–immune microenvironment and EBV behavior.
  • 774
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
HPV+ Non-Oropharyngeal Cancer
HPV status is a well known prognostic factor for oropharyngeal cancer. However, its predictive role has not been proved yet and HPV positive cases are not treated differently outside of a clinical trial. In non-oropharyngeal cancer, the role of HPV status is not entirely clear and results from observational studies are conflicting. 
  • 773
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SOX Protein in Lung Cancer
The expression of SOX proteins has been demonstrated in many tissues at various stages of embryogenesis, where they play the role of transcription factors. The SOX18 protein (along with SOX7 and SOX17) belongs to the SOXF group and is mainly involved in the development of the cardiovascular system, where its expression was found in the endothelium. SOX18 expression was also demonstrated in neoplastic lines of gastric, pancreatic and colon adenocarcinomas. The prognostic role of SOX30 expression has only been studied in lung adenocarcinomas, where a low expression of this factor in the stromal tumor was associated with a worse prognosis for patients. Because of the complexity of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development, the role of the SOX proteins in this malignancy is still not fully understood. Many recently published papers show that SOX family protein members play a crucial role in the progression of NSCLC.
  • 773
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MiR-146a in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a well-known malignant tumor of the respiratory tract, which has caused a significant level of damage to human health in the 21st century. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are tiny, non-coding RNA stem-loop structures with a length of roughly 20–25 nucleotides that function as powerful modulators of mRNA and protein products of a gene. miRNAs may modulate many biological processes involving growth, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death and play a key role in the pathogenesis of various types of malignancies. Several accumulating pieces of evidence have proven that miRNA, especially miR-146a, are crucial modulators of innate immune response sequences. Changes in miR-146a expression levels have biomarker importance and possess a high potential as a therapeutic target in lung cancer. It retards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes the therapeutic action of anticancer agents in lung cancer. Studies have also suggested that miR-146a affects gene expression through different signaling pathways viz.
  • 773
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Tertiary Lymphoid Strucures
A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a special component in the immune microenvironment that is mainly composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T cells, B cells, DC cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs). For cancer patients, evaluation of the immune microenvironment has a predictive effect on tumor biological behavior, treatment methods, and prognosis. As a result, TLSs have begun to attract the attention of researchers as a new potential biomarker. However, the composition and mechanisms of TLSs are still unclear, and clinical detection methods are still being explored. Although some meaningful results have been obtained in clinical trials, there is still a long way to go before such methods can be applied in clinical practice.
  • 773
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Development of the Peritoneal Metastasis
Peritoneal metastasis is a malignant disease which originated from several gastrointestinal and gynecological carcinomas and has been leading to a suffering condition in patients. As people have gradually become more aware of the severity of peritoneal carcinomatosis, new molecular mechanisms for targeting and new treatments have been proposed. 
  • 773
  • 05 Jan 2023
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