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Topic Review
Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Endosome-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs), often referred to as exosomes, are produced by almost all, if not all, cell types, and are critical for intercellular communication. They are composed of a lipid bilayer associated with membrane proteins and contain a payload of lipids, proteins and regulatory RNAs that depends on the parental cell physiological condition. By transferring their “cargo”, exosomes can modulate the phenotype of neighboring and distant cells. Stem cells (SC) were widely studied for therapeutic applications regarding their regenerative/reparative potential as well as their immunomodulatory properties. Whether from autologous or allogeneic source, SC beneficial effects in terms of repair and regeneration are largely attributed to their paracrine signaling notably through secreted EVs. Subsequently, SC-derived EVs have been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory skin disorders, and are today fast-track cell-free tools for regenerative/reparative strategies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rosacea Classification and Treatment
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition. It mainly affects the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead, causing flushing or transient erythema, persistent erythema, phymatous changes, papules, pustules, and telangiectasias, and the eyes may also be affected by rosacea. Rosacea is more common in women than in men and can start at any age. Rosacea affects both fair-skinned and darker-skinned people. Physical changes in the face due to rosacea can cause embarrassment, leading to reduced quality of life and self-esteem. Rosacea has several triggers, and its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, which means there are several treatment options, and these options can be combined. A patient’s clinical findings and symptoms will help a doctor to diagnose and classify the condition. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, topical medications, systemic antibiotics and light-based therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Lichen Sclerosus
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis mostly localized in the genital area, characterized by vulvar alterations that can severely impact a patient’s quality of life. Current treatment modalities often provide incomplete relief, and there is a need for innovative approaches to manage this condition effectively. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as potential regenerative therapies for LS, offering promising results in clinical practice.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioengineered Skin Substitutes
This review presents the common commercially available skin substitutes and their clinical use. Moreover, the choice of an appropriate hydrogel type to prepare cell-laden skin substitutes is discussed. Additionally, we present recent advances in the field of bioengineered human skin substitutes using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Finally, we discuss different skin substitute developments to meet different criteria for optimal wound healing.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Skin Health Promoting Effects of Natural Polysaccharides
Skincare is one of the most profitable product categories today. Consumers’ demand for skin-friendly products has stimulated the development of natural-ingredient-based cosmeceutical preparations over synthetic chemicals. Thus, natural polysaccharides have gained much attention since the promising potent efficacy in wound healing, moisturizing, antiaging, and whitening. The challenge is to raise awareness of polysaccharides with excellent bioactivities from natural sources and consequently incorporate them in novel and safer cosmetics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
BP230 Autoantibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease predominantly affecting elderly patients and carries significant morbidity and mortality. Patients typically suffer from severe itch with eczematous lesions, urticarial plaques, and/or tense blisters. BP is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies against two components of the hemidesmosome, BP180 and BP230.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Neurogenic Inflammation of the Skin
The skin, including the hypodermis, is the largest body organ and is in constant contact with the environment. Neurogenic inflammation is the result of the activity of nerve endings and mediators (neuropeptides secreted by nerve endings in the development of the inflammatory reaction in the skin), as well as interactions with other cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, endothelial cells and mast cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targets in Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis represents a complex and multidimensional interaction that represents potential fields of preventive and therapeutic management. In addition to the treatment armamentarium available for atopic dermatitis, novel drugs targeting significant molecular pathways in atopic dermatitis biologics and small molecules are also being developed given the condition’s complex pathophysiology. While most of the patients are expecting better efficacy and long-term control, the response to these drugs would still depend on numerous factors such as complex genotype, diverse environmental triggers and microbiome-derived signals, and, most importantly, dynamic immune responses. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Rapid Clinical Management of Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a vector-born disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA’s scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. Researchers briefly summarize the knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trifarotene
Trifarotene is a new fourth-generation retinoid with a selective action on RAR-γ. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Linear IgA Disease
Linear IgA disease (LAD) is an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease characterized by linear deposits of IgA at the basement membrane zone on immunopathology. It is also known as linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), but LAD is preferred because it is inclusive of patients without bullous lesions. In the pediatric population, it is known as chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines in Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune dermatosis of which the pathogenesis remains scarcely known. A wide variety of clinical studies have been proposed to investigate the immune mediators which have shown the most recurrency.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Nanocarrier Systems
Nanotechnology-based tools have played a major role in this. The implementation of this multifaceted nanotechnology concept encourages the advancement of innovative strategies and materials for improving patient compliance.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
New Topical Agents for Onychomycosis
Onychomycosis is a common nail disease caused by fungi. The primary pathogens are dermatophytes, yeasts, non-dermatophyte moulds, and mixed fungal populations may also contribute to the development of a recalcitrant condition, usually accompanied by difficulties in everyday life and severe emotional stress. Treatment failure and relapse of the infection are the most frequent problems. Resistance to antifungals, an increasing number of comorbidities, and polydrug use among the ageing population are imperatives that impose a shift to safer drugs. Topical antifungals are considered less toxic and minimally interact with other drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Organic Acids for Chemical Peels Treating Acne Vulgaris
Acne vulgaris stands out as the most prevalent skin disorder among teenagers and young adults, causing physical discomfort and considerable economic and psychological burdens on individuals and society. Chemical peeling is a skin resurfacing technique designed to rebuild healthy skin using exfoliating substances, a simple and affordable process with various dermatological uses. Chemical peels, classified as superficial, medium, and deep, have been utilized for acne vulgaris and multiple other skin issues. In these chemical peels, a diverse range of chemical substances is employed, each with its unique mode of action. Among these, α-hydroxy and β-hydroxy acids have gathered attention for their efficacy in reducing acne lesions and enhancing overall skin appearance. Acids, such as salicylic acid, glycolic acid, or lactic acid, are commonly used in chemical peels due to their exfoliating and sebum-regulating properties. Despite the widespread use of these acids, there exists a lack of consensus regarding the most effective acid type and concentration for treating acne-prone skin. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Plaque Psoriasis and COVID-19
There is no evidence to support the idea that patients receiving systemic therapy (i.e. immunosuppressive/ immunomodulating agents) should stop their treatment in order to prevent COVID-19 infection. People with psoriasis undergoing systemic therapy should be advised to follow current guidelines for hygiene and physical distancing as recommended in their respective area of residence. Chronic plaque psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the general population. In case of moderate to severe psoriasis patients are candidate to systemic treatments that have immunosuppressive/immunomodulating properties. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Emerging Oral Treatments for Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a worldwide prevalence of 1–3% that can be associated with psoriatic arthritis and other comorbidities and causes a significant burden and impairment of health-related quality of life. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) with a pathogenic admixture of autoinflammatory and autoimmune components and involvement of both innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infectious Tattoo-Related Side Effects
Tattooing is the procedure of implanting permanent pigment granules and additives into the dermal layer of the skin, serving various purposes such as decoration, medical identification, or accidental markings. There has been a significant rise in the popularity of decorative tattooing as a form of body art among both teenagers and young adults. Thus, the incidence of tattoos is increasing, with expanding applications such as permanent makeup, scar camouflage, nipple–areola, lips, and eyebrows tattooing, and utilization in oncological radiotherapy such as colon marking. However, there have been reported a broad range of adverse reactions linked to tattooing, encompassing allergic reactions, superficial and deep cutaneous infections, autoimmune disorders induced by the Koebner phenomenon, cutaneous tumors, and others.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway Inhibitors
The JAK/STAT pathway is evolutionarily conserved, and it includes three main players: a ligand-receptor complex, for example, cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23; growth hormone (GH) growth factors (GF) and their receptors, one or two kinases belonging to the JAK family and one or two members of the STAT family.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2023
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