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Topic Review
COVID-19 and Children Innate Immunity
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the pandemic viral pneumonia that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since rapidly spread around the world. The number of COVID-19 cases recorded in pediatric age is around 1% of the total. The immunological mechanisms that lead to a lower susceptibility or severity of pediatric patients are not entirely clear. At the same time, the immune dysregulation found in those children who developed the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIC-S) is not yet fully understood. 
  • 607
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Interstitial Lung Diseases
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a rather heterogeneous group of diseases varying in pathophysiology, presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In the majority of ILDs, imaging modalities and especially high-resolution Computed Tomography (CT) scans have been the cornerstone in patient diagnostic approach and follow-up. The intricate nature of ILDs and the accompanying data have led to an increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, primarily on imaging data but also in genetic data, spirometry and lung diffusion, among others.
  • 606
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation in Cystic Fibrosis
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are repeatedly exposed to antibiotics, especially during the pulmonary exacerbations of the disease. However, the available therapeutic strategies are frequently inadequate to eradicate the involved pathogens and most importantly, facilitate the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The evaluation of AMR is demanding; conventional culture-based susceptibility-testing techniques cannot account for the lung microenvironment and/or the adaptive mechanisms developed by the pathogens, such as biofilm formation.
  • 597
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Potential Biomarkers for Asthma and COPD Overlap
Asthma and COPD overlap (ACO) is characterized by patients presenting with persistent airflow limitation and features of both asthma and COPD. It is associated with a higher frequency and severity of exacerbations, a faster lung function decline, and a higher healthcare cost.  ACO-related biomarkers can be classified into four categories: neutrophil-mediated inflammation, Th2 cell responses, arachidonic acid-eicosanoids pathway, and metabolites.
  • 593
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exhaled Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis
Cancers, chronic diseases and respiratory infections are major causes of mortality and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health care. There is an unmet medical need for non-invasive, easy-to-use biomarkers for the early diagnosis, phenotyping, predicting and monitoring of the therapeutic responses of these disorders. Exhaled breath sampling is an attractive choice that has gained attention in recent years. Exhaled nitric oxide measurement used as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-eosinophil therapy in severe asthma has paved the way for other exhaled breath biomarkers. Advances in laser and nanosensor technologies and spectrometry together with widespread use of algorithms and artificial intelligence have facilitated research on volatile organic compounds and artificial olfaction systems to develop new exhaled biomarkers. 
  • 589
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Chungsangboha-tang for the Treatment of Asthma
In traditional Korean medicine, Chungsangboha-tang (CSBHT) and its modified forms are used to treat various respiratory disorders, including asthma.
  • 586
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury
The mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still very high, and the remission and treatment of ARDS are still the focus of research. The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome are varied, with pneumonia and non-pulmonary sepsis being the most common. Trauma and blood transfusion can also cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In ARDS, the accumulation and infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs have a great influence on the development of the disease. Neutrophils regulate inflammatory responses through various pathways, and neutrophils release via neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) is considered to be one of the most important mechanisms.
  • 585
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pulmonary Pathologies and Their Relationship with Circadian Cycle
The function of the circadian cycle is to determine the natural 24 h biological rhythm, which includes physiological, metabolic, and hormonal changes that occur daily in the body. This cycle is controlled by an internal biological clock that is present in the body’s tissues and helps regulate various processes such as sleeping, eating, and others. Interestingly, animal models have provided enough evidence to assume that the alteration in the circadian system leads to the appearance of numerous diseases. Alterations in breathing patterns in lung diseases can modify oxygenation and the circadian cycles; however, the response mechanisms to hypoxia and their relationship with the clock genes are not fully understood. Hypoxia is a condition in which the lack of adequate oxygenation promotes adaptation mechanisms and is related to several genes that regulate the circadian cycles, the latter because hypoxia alters the production of melatonin and brain physiology. Additionally, the lack of oxygen alters the expression of clock genes, leading to an alteration in the regularity and precision of the circadian cycle. In this sense, hypoxia is a hallmark of a wide variety of lung diseases.
  • 579
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Sleep Respiratory Disorders
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk factor. Measurements from echocardiography have shown impairments in the anatomy and function of the heart related to the severity of OSA.
  • 579
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosing Lung Abnormalities Related to HF in CXR
Heart failure (HF) is a multidisciplinary disease affecting almost 1–2% of the adult population worldwide. It is important to precisely diagnose patients with HF and distinguish them from patients with other diseases, including diseases of the lung. Nowadays, imaging techniques such as chest X-ray (CXR), chest computed tomography (CT) or lung ultrasonography (LUS) play a key role in diagnosing the majority of lung disorders. CXR is one of the most commonly available imaging tests used in the emergency department, especially in patients with dyspnoea, which frequently detect pulmonary disorders. Still, it may also demonstrate cardiac abnormalities. Sometimes it can be useful as the first-step imaging test to distinguish acute heart failure (AHF) from acute lung disease.
  • 568
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep problems defined by cessation or decreased airflow despite breathing efforts. It is known to be related to multiple adverse health consequences. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is considered an effective treatment that is widely used. Various modes of PAP and other emerging treatment options are now available.
  • 561
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunosuppressive Therapies Used for ILDs
There are about 200 different types of interstitial lung disease (ILD), and a crucial initial step in the assessment of a patient with suspected ILD is achieving an appropriate diagnosis. Some ILDs respond to immunosuppressive agents, while immunosuppression can be detrimental in others, hence treatment is based on the most confident diagnosis with consideration of a patient’s risk factors.
  • 559
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms and Physiological Functions of Osteopontin
The biological functions of osteopontin (OPN) are diverse and specific to physiological and pathophysiological conditions implicated in inflammation, biomineralization, cardiovascular diseases, cellular viability, cancer, diabetes, and renal stone disease. OPN influences the immune system and is a chemo-attractive protein correlated with respiratory disease severity. There is evidence that OPN can advance the disease stage associated with its fibrotic, inflammatory, and immune functions.
  • 547
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lung Function Tests, Quality of Life and Telemedicine
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and recognized as the most prevalent chronic illness among children. Despite this, the knowledge as to how asthma affects adolescents is still scarce. One of the main management problems of asthmatic adolescents is the poor adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.
  • 540
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Alveolar Damage and Dysfunction in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), marked by an ongoing, chronic fibrotic process within the lung tissue. IPF leads to an irreversible deterioration of lung function, ultimately resulting in an increased mortality rate. 
  • 539
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare disease with an annual incidence of around 3000 cases a year in the United States. Most cases are caused by asbestos exposure, with a latency period of up to 40 years. Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive disease process with overall survival of roughly 6–12 months after the time of diagnosis. It is divided into three subtypes: epithelioid, mixed type, and sarcomatoid type, with the epithelioid subtype having the best overall survival. Often, the treatment is multimodality with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The survival benefit is improved but remains marginal. New treatment options involving targeted immune therapies appear to offer some promise. The tumor microenvironment is the ecosystem within the tumor that interacts and influences the host immune system.
  • 527
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility of Bronchoscopic Cryotechniques
Cryosurgical techniques are employed for diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy and serve as important tools for the management of pulmonary diseases such as interstitial lung disease and lung cancer. The research present the literature on the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of bronchoscopy-guided cryosurgical procedures and their safety profile.
  • 526
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Multiomic Investigations into Lung Disease
Diseases of the lung account for more than 5 million deaths worldwide and are a healthcare burden. Improving clinical outcomes, including mortality and quality of life, involves a holistic understanding of the disease, which can be provided by the integration of lung multi-omics data. An enhanced understanding of comprehensive multiomic datasets provides opportunities to leverage those datasets to inform the treatment and prevention of lung diseases by classifying severity, prognostication, and discovery of biomarkers.
  • 518
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Postoperative Management in Lung Cancer Surgery
Postoperative management after major and minor thoracic surgeries is crucial for patient recovery and can be challenging. Major thoracic surgeries, such as extensive pulmonary resections, especially in patients with poor health status, may require intensive surveillance, particularly during the first 24–72 h after surgery. Moreover, thanks to the demographic development and medical progress in perioperative medicine, more patients with comorbidities undergoing thoracic procedures require proper management in the postoperative period to improve prognosis and decrease hospital stay.
  • 517
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
IGFBP-6, Fibrosis and Respiratory Diseases
IGFBP-6 is differentially expressed in the bronchial biopsies of asthmatic subjects. As it is a critical regulator of IGF bioavailability, it was demonstrated that the basal epithelial layer of human bronchial organ cultures expresses IGFBP-6, where it correlates with the basal cell subpopulation marker cytokeratins 14.
  • 511
  • 21 Mar 2023
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