You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
GLAD Nanostructure SPR sensors
In this encyclopedia entry, we are introducing a new deposit technique called glancing angle deposition (GLAD). We found that this technique is very competitive and proficient method to fabricating a nanostructured surface that enhanced the sensitivity of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors. We fabricated the SPR sensor with hybrid GLAD nanostructures of 30 nm height and with inter-structural gap size of around 12 nm. Theoretical and experimental analyses published in our recent article showed 4 times higher sensitivity compared to that of a conventional SPR sensor.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Deposition Characteristics of Catenary Insulator
An electrified railway catenary is a special high-voltage transmission line installed above rails and transmits electric energy to electric locomotives or motor train units by making contact with pantographs. Catenary insulators are insulation equipment of traction power supply systems that mainly serve as mechanical support and electrical insulation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Thermochromic Polymeric Films
Polymers as smart temperature sensors
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Coating Materials to Increase the Stability of Liposomes
Liposomes carry various compounds with applications in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic fields, and the administration route is especially parenteral, oral, or transdermal. Liposomes are used to preserve and release the internal components, thus maintaining the properties of the compounds, the stability and shelf life of the encapsulated products, and their functional benefits. The main problem in obtaining liposomes at the industrial level is their low stability due to fragile phospholipid membranes. To increase the stability of liposomes, phospholipid bilayers have been modified or different coating materials have been developed and studied, both for liposomes with applications in the pharmaceutical field and liposomes in the food field. In the cosmetic field, liposomes need no additional coating because the liposomal formulation is intended to have a fast penetration into the skin.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Bi-Ssubstituted Iron Garnet Multilayer Structures
In this encyclopaedia entry, we are reporting on the unconventional magnetic switching properties of sputtered all-garnet multilayer thin film structures. Within the scope of this study, thin magnetic trilayers were fabricated on both garnet and glass substrates, in which magneto-soft material layers are sandwiched in-between two magneto-hard garnet material layers of identical composition type.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Perovskite Solar Cells with ZnO Electron Transport Layer
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced rapid development in the past period of time, and a record efficiency of up to 25.7% has been yielded. The PSCs with the planar structure are the most prevailing, which not only can significantly simplify the device fabrication process but also reduce the processing temperature. Particularly, the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a critical role in boosting the device performance of planar PSCs. ZnO is a promising candidate as the ETL owing to its high transparency, suitable energy band structure, and high electron mobility. Moreover, ZnO is easy to be processed at a low cost and low energy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells
The thin-film organic solar cells (OSCs) are currently one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies to effectively harvest the solar energy due to their attractive features of mechanical flexibility, light weight, low-cost manufacturing, and solution-processed large-scale fabrication, etc. However, the relative insufficient light absorption, short exciton diffusion distance, and low carrier mobility of the OSCs determine the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices are relatively lower than their inorganic photovoltaic counterparts. To conquer the challenges, the two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, which have excellent photoelectric properties, tunable energy band structure, and solvent compatibility etc., exhibit the great potential to enhance the performance of the OSCs.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Reinforcement Materials
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is mainly one of increasing the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the system, but the intrinsic properties of nanofillers, as well as their size, morphology, chemical functional groups, and their amounts, influence significantly many more properties of nanocomposites.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Alkyl Chains Impact in Polymer-Based organic Solar Cells
The research for efficient organic materials organized in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has shown a significant breakthrough. Desired structural organization can be attained through various strategies. Conjugated polymer-based bulk heterojunction solar cells have exhibited high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The role of side chain engineering in solution-processable conjugated polymers is taking a growing role in these record performances. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Farming and Cultivation
We like to report on the concept of an advanced energy-engineering system for self-sustainable and rural areas farming and cultivation (RAFC). In this energy-engineering approach, we accounted for the effects of thin-film coated energy-saving features, in an optimized off-grid hybrid power generation system for advanced farm-house. Design and optimization of a hybrid (photovoltaic-battery-generator) power system have been performed by using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro _ Version 3.14.0) software, developed by National Renewable Energy Limited (NREL, Boulder, CO 80301, USA). Optimized results show that the off-grid hybrid system together with the additional Low-E type coating assisted energy-saving features is more feasible for next-generation modern cultivation and farming with long-term sustainability. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Printing Methods to Fabricate Receptor Layers of Gas Sensors
Printing technologies are nowadays an integral element of contemporary materials science applied to development of low-cost gas sensors and multisensor arrays for many applications including a development of lab-on- chips. These protocols ensure automating of technological processes, a reproducibility of microstructural and functional characteristics with a reduced time necessary for the receptor material deposition over substrates. At the same time, using an accurate positioning system improves significantly the targeting of the substance, while the dosing setups allow to ensure a high control over the volume of discretely or continuously applied inks. The printing technologies enable forming planar receptor structures, even under a complex geometry, at various thicknesses and porosity with the required spatial resolution to be in nanometer micrometer ranges. Some methods, as dip-pen nanolithography, nano-imprinting lithography, and microcontact printing, are more suitable for discrete miniature devices with unique characteristics owing to the labor-intensive and multi-step procedures, while other ones, as ink-jet printing, aerosol jet printing or microextrusion printing, can be used quite easily in scaling the procedures to design gas sensors, including a rapid tuning of their geometric parameters without a necessity to prepare appropriate stencils and masks in advance. While designing the gas-sensor receptor materials, a great variety of printing technologies are used these days which vary both in the principle of operation and in such parameters as printing speed, spatial resolution, thickness of the formed coatings, and their microstructure, etc.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Thin Films with Drug Delivery Function
Graphene oxide has been used in different fields of nanomedicine as a manager of drug delivery due to its inherent physical and chemical properties that allow its use in thin films with biomedical applications. Several studies demonstrated its efficacy in the control of the amount and the timely delivery of drugs when it is incorporated in multilayer films. It has been demonstrated that graphene oxide layers incorporated in drug delivery systems are able to work either as a nanocarrier, transporting the drugs to their targets or as a barrier delaying the release of drugs to accommodate the treatment schedules. This allows for the development of structured ,sophisticated and time-controlled systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotubes in Nanocomposite Mixed-Matrix Membranes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a popular material for gas separation because their walls are naturally smooth, allowing for faster gas transit than other inorganic fillers. It also has excellent mechanical strength, allowing membranes to work under high pressure. Although CNTs have superior qualities to other inorganic fillers, incorporating them into a polymer matrix is difficult due to CNTs' strong van der Waals forces, which cause agglomeration. CNT dispersion must be addressed if the full potential of CNTs is to be realized.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Functional Materials for Wastewater Treatment
Functional materials play a central role in the advancement of these technologies due to their highly tunable properties and functions. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Superhydrophobic Titanium-Based Implants for Antibacterial Applications
Titanium and its alloys have been extensively used as implant materials in clinic settings. However, implant-associated bacterial infection or inflammation remains a primary cause of implantation failure, which threatens human health, and has already become a global issue. A superhydrophobic surface endowed with a water contact angle higher than 150° has attracted widespread attention in antibacterial applications for their self-cleaning and low-adhesion properties, which has emerged as an important path in preventing biofilm formation.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Surface Activation of Polytetrafluoroethylene
Fluorinated polymers are renowned for their chemical inertness and thus poor wettability and adhesion of various coatings. Apart from chemical methods employing somewhat toxic primers, gaseous plasma treatment is a popular method for the modification of surface properties. Different authors have used different plasmas, and the resultant surface finish spans between super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic character.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Deposition Parameters on the Microstructure of Multilayer Films
Multilayer films with high-density layer interfaces have been studied widely because of the unique mechanical and functional properties. Magnetron sputtering is widely chosen to fabricate multilayer films because of the convenience in controlling the microstructure. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides
Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted attention as an important energy source for various applications owing to their high power outputs and outstanding energy densities. The electrochemical performance of an SC device is predominantly determined by electrode materials, and thus, the selection and synthesis of the materials are crucial.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nanocrystalline Layer
It was demonstrated that the mechanical shot peening (MSP) technique was a viable way to obtain a nanocrystalline layer on a large size pure titanium plate due to the MSP provided for severe plastic deformation (SPD) of surface high velocity balls impacting. The MSP effects of various durations in producing the surface nanocrystalline layer was characterized by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Vickers micro-hardness tester. The results showed that the thickness of the SPD layer gradually increased with the MSP processing time increase, but saturated at 230 μm after 30 min. The average grain size was refined to about 18.48 nm in the nanocrystalline layer. There was equiaxed grain morphology with random crystallographic orientation in the topmost surface. By comparing with the nanocrystalline layer, acquired by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), the microstructure and properties of the nanocrystalline layer acquired by MSP was evidently superior to that of the SMAT, but the production time was cut to about a quarter of the time used for the SMAT method.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 May 2021
Topic Review
Different Types of Solar Cells
Solar energy is free from noise and environmental pollution. It could be used to replace non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, which are in limited supply and have negative environmental impacts. The first generation of solar cells was made from crystalline silicon. They were relatively efficient, however very expensive because they require a lot of energy to purify the silicon. The production of solar cells has been improved since the first generation (thin-film solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and organic solar cells).
  • 1.2K
  • 08 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 12
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback