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Topic Review
Epidemiology of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that is prevalent worldwide and has major impacts on both humans and animals. The disease is caused by species of Leptospira, a spirochaete bacterium with increasing genetic diversity.
  • 359
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Factor KappaB Signaling in Endometrium
The superfamily of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) proteins consists of five known members: protein RelA of NF-κB superfamily (RelA (p65)), protein RelB of NF-κB superfamily (RelB), protein cRel of NF-κB superfamily (cRel), protein NF-κB1 of NF-κB superfamily (NF-κB1 (p50/p105)), and protein NF-κB2 (NF-κB2 (p52/p100)). Each of the five NF-κB members interacts with suitable inhibitory factors belonging to the family of inhibitors of κB (IκB) (IκBα, IκBβ, IκBε, or Bcl-3) or the C-terminal sequences of the NF-κB precursor proteins (p105 and p100). The RelA, RelB, and cRel proteins share a homology domain Rel, which is a transcription activation domain, allowing control of the transcription of DNA molecules, whereas NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 proteins are precursor proteins, which need proteolytic activation and forming dimers with suitable Rel protein. 
  • 352
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Communication Competency in the Veterinary Curriculum
Effective communication skills are vital for successful veterinary practice and are a core component of veterinary programs. Veterinary schools design their programs to ensure that all veterinary graduates can demonstrate Day One competencies in clinical communication and provide evidence of this to accrediting bodies. The methods of teaching clinical communication in veterinary medicine have developed since this became a required part of the curriculum over two decades ago, and there is a growing evidence base for their effectiveness.
  • 352
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Epidemics and Pathogenesis of Different IBDV Strains
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry across the globe. As a double-stranded RNA virus, IBDV undergoes genetic mutation or recombination in replication during circulation among flocks, leading to the generation and spread of variant or recombinant strains. 
  • 349
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
The Structural Proteins of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity.
  • 349
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide.
  • 348
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Toxicity of House Plants to Pet Animals
Cases of ingestion of indoor poisonous plants are relatively common among animals and lead to both acute cases of poisoning and long-term exposure to harmful substances and chronic damage to the animal’s health. Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, which serve to protect the plant from attacks by insects, parasitic plants, fungi or, for example, during reproduction. However, these metabolites can be toxic if ingested by animals or humans. Toxicologically effective components found in plants are mainly alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, terpenes and others.
  • 343
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Integrating (Nutri-)Metabolomics into the One Health Tendency
The term ‘metabolomics’ was introduced in the literature in 1998 and refers to the study of small molecules in a biological sample. In 2001, a group of biochemists founded the Society of Metabolomics, and the use of this technology in various fields of research has increased greatly since 2005. Nutrimetabolomics, or nutritional metabolomics, is an integral part of metabolomics with the goal of examining individual functional responses to different diets, analysing specific dietary biomarkers for targeted foods and diets, and investigating the interrelationship between risk factors for certain diseases and different diets both in the human and veterinary science fields. 
  • 327
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microfiber Pollution in Commercial Fish Species
Microfiber pollution is a widespread threat to marine fauna, including fish edible species. These particles may be released into water from textiles during the washing process, and due to their low dimensions, the majority of microfibers cannot be blocked from wastewater treatment plants, reaching seas and oceans. 
  • 318
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Zoo Animal Welfare Assessment
Zoological institutions, such as zoos and aquariums, have made animal welfare a top priority, as it is not only a moral obligation but also crucial for fulfilling their roles in education and conservation. Thus, there is a need for science-based tools to assess and monitor animal welfare in these settings.
  • 313
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vectors and Hosts of Rickettsia felis in Europe
Rickettsia felis in an obligate intracellular Gram negative bacterium and the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever (FBSF). Rickettsia felis requires a vertebrate and invertebrate host to survive and reproduce. The cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) is considered as the primary vector and the reservoir host of this pathogen.
  • 307
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Based Methods for Feline Induced Sterilization
Feline population control remains a concern as to whether it is intended for the short- or long-term. Gene-based sterilization refers to the use of genetic manipulation to control reproductive processes and induce infertility or sterility. Gene therapy sterilization is taking its first steps in product development and in vivo testing, although no established method has yet been approved for widespread use. Gene-based therapy represents the promise of durable clinical benefits to complex human diseases and brought significant progress in the medical field.
  • 302
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Application of Exogenous GnRH in Food Animal Production
Exogenous GnRH and agonists have been employed for controlling reproductive cascades in animals, and treating some reproductive morbidities. The administration of GnRH is used in animals to counter ovarian dysfunction, induce ovulation, and to increase conception and pregnancy rates. GnRH and its agonists are used in the treatment of cystic ovarian degeneration and repeat breeder syndrome. The development of protocols for GnRH administration by intramuscular injection, intramuscular or subcutaneous implants, and intravaginal deposition has empowered their clinical use worldwide. 
  • 300
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Assistance Dogs in Human Mental Health Care
The prevalence of mental health disorders, driven by current global crises, is notably high. During the past decades, the popularity of dogs assisting humans with a wide spectrum of mental health disorders has significantly increased.
  • 297
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Defects Associated with  Repeat Breeder Cow Syndrome
Repeat breeder cow (RBC) syndrome encompasses cows failing three or more times to become pregnant, but with the special characteristic that their estrous cycles have a normal duration. Farmers and technicians commonly feel incapable of addressing this reproductive issue, and after numerous unsuccessful attempts to conceive, it is often necessary to cull cows. Important economic losses are linked to RBC syndrome due to diagnosis, therapy, or reduced milk production, among others.
  • 295
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Canine Ovariectomy
Canine ovariectomy is an elective surgery with a moderate level of pain.
  • 291
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Health and Methane Emissions
The dairy industry is facing criticism for its role in exacerbating global GHG emissions, as climate change becomes an increasingly pressing issue. These emissions mostly originate from methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). An optimal strategy involves the creation of an economical monitoring device to evaluate methane emissions from dairy animals.
  • 279
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bacterial Chondronecrosis and Osteomyelitis in Commercial Broilers
Modern day broilers have a great genetic potential to gain heavy bodyweights with a huge metabolic demand prior to their fully mature ages. Moreover, this made the broilers prone to opportunistic pathogens which may enter the locomotory organs under stress causing bacterial chondronecrosis and osteomyelitis (BCO).
  • 273
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lab Rodent Management
Maintaining laboratory rats and mice, critical for scientific research, involves careful breeding, housing, and ethical considerations. Breeding pairs must be selected with genetic diversity in mind, and a controlled environment with optimal temperature, lighting, and nesting materials is crucial for successful reproduction. Pregnancy and postnatal care, along with a focus on cage design, nutrition, and disease management, ensure the well-being of these animals. Ethical guidelines and regulatory compliance, such as approval from animal ethics committees and adherence to animal welfare legislation, underscore the responsible use of lab rats and mice. Meticulous record-keeping further supports the ethical and scientific integrity of research involving these small but invaluable creatures.
  • 272
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Organic Pig Population in Greece
Information on the production, development and health status of organic pig farming in Greece and the potential prospects for sustainability and future development. Among the pig breeds reared on organic farms, the indigenous Greek Black Pig is the most common.
  • 269
  • 17 Nov 2023
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