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Topic Review
Limitations of Currently Available Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines
Ineffective vaccines, declining employment in the agricultural sector and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance has led policymakers to shift the focus onto the development of superior, more efficacious vaccines as a major contribution in reducing the pressure to intensify on the farming sector. Although many vaccines against BRD are currently available on the UK market, they have limitations. Only a few of the vaccines have been registered as suitable for use in pregnant or lactating cows and all require refrigeration. Additionally, all come with a strong recommendation for a booster to advance immunity and none have been tested for maternal antibody interference. Only eleven of the vaccines registered for use in the UK are multivalent and only four have been tested and deemed suitable for use alongside other veterinary treatments, frequently with those of the same manufacturer. However, multiple pathogens are considered threats during the neonatal stage and so it is impractical and ineffectual to have monovalent or incompatible medicines. Vaccination against BRD presents many challenges.
  • 726
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neonatal Piglet Interest in Rope Enrichment
In the United States swine industry, preweaning mortality represents the highest mortality rate of any production phase, nearly half attributed to crushing. The overarching aim of this entry was to determine if enrichment ropes would entice neonatal piglets away from the sow and reduce preweaning mortality.
  • 719
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Canine Prostates
Ultrasonography is the best imaging technique for real-time assessment of the reproductive organs and pregnancy in both human and veterinary medicine. Among the most advanced ultrasound techniques developed, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is widely applied in reproductive imaging of humans and small animals. CEUS is based on intravenous injection of gas-filled microbubbles that allow real-time ultrasound tracking of the perfusion of tissues by following contrast circulation into the vascular bed. It has been used for the evaluation of canine prostate as an animal model for human medicine, as well as in veterinary medicine. In human medicine studies, it proved useful in assessing prostatic physiological and pathological conditions, like individuation of tumors, and in monitoring the effects of thermal therapy for prostatic carcinoma. In veterinary medicine, CEUS findings weren't specific for the different types of prostatic diseases (e.g., prostatitis vs benign prostatic hyperplasia), except for adenocarcinoma, whilst it worked well in the evaluation of prostatic blood flow. 
  • 708
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide.
  • 701
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Based Methods for Feline Induced Sterilization
Feline population control remains a concern as to whether it is intended for the short- or long-term. Gene-based sterilization refers to the use of genetic manipulation to control reproductive processes and induce infertility or sterility. Gene therapy sterilization is taking its first steps in product development and in vivo testing, although no established method has yet been approved for widespread use. Gene-based therapy represents the promise of durable clinical benefits to complex human diseases and brought significant progress in the medical field.
  • 688
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Factor KappaB Signaling in Endometrium
The superfamily of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) proteins consists of five known members: protein RelA of NF-κB superfamily (RelA (p65)), protein RelB of NF-κB superfamily (RelB), protein cRel of NF-κB superfamily (cRel), protein NF-κB1 of NF-κB superfamily (NF-κB1 (p50/p105)), and protein NF-κB2 (NF-κB2 (p52/p100)). Each of the five NF-κB members interacts with suitable inhibitory factors belonging to the family of inhibitors of κB (IκB) (IκBα, IκBβ, IκBε, or Bcl-3) or the C-terminal sequences of the NF-κB precursor proteins (p105 and p100). The RelA, RelB, and cRel proteins share a homology domain Rel, which is a transcription activation domain, allowing control of the transcription of DNA molecules, whereas NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 proteins are precursor proteins, which need proteolytic activation and forming dimers with suitable Rel protein. 
  • 678
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lateralised Behavioural Responses in Livestock to Environmental Stressors
Lateralised behavioural responses to environmental stressors have become more frequently used as indicators of social welfare in animals. These lateralised behavioural responses are under the control of asymmetrical brain functions as part of the primary functions of most vertebrates and assist in primary social and survival functions. Lateralised behavioural responses originating from the left hemisphere are responsible for processing familiar conditions, while the right hemisphere is responsible for responding to novel stimuli in the environment. The forced lateralisation and side preference tests have been used to determine the visual lateralised behavioural responses in livestock to environmental stressors. Limb preference during movement has also been used to determine motor lateralisation. 
  • 674
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ribonucleic Acid Degradation and Diagnostic Testing
Successful downstream molecular analyses of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in diagnostic laboratories, e.g., reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or next-generation sequencing, are dependent on the quality of the RNA in the specimen. In swine specimens, preserving the integrity of RNA requires proper sample handling at the time the sample is collected on the farm, during transport, and in the laboratory until RNA extraction is performed. Options for proper handling are limited to maintaining the cold chain or using commercial specimen storage matrices.
  • 674
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Passage to India
The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) emerged first in Europe and then spread to Eastern Asia, including Japan and China, from the Northern Territories of Australia at the end of the 19th century. Its route to India, however, is less well known as there is little evidence for large importations of cattle from Australia. The lack of accurate diagnostic tests at this time meant veterinary authorities relied solely on clinical and pathological signs, many of which were non-specific. Consequently, any diagnoses of CBPP reported in the early 20th century must be viewed with caution. More convincing reports of CBPP confirmed by laboratory tests were made in the 1930s and 1940s in the Indian state of Assam. Eradication campaigns began in the 1940s with immunizations of live attenuated vaccines and then more comprehensively in the 1950s and 1960s, supplemented with serological screening and the establishment of quarantine centres at international borders. 
  • 671
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Methods for Studying Bat-Associated Pathogens
Bats (order Chiroptera) are a group of mammals with unique anatomy and physiology, which predispose them to fulfill a variety of ecological functions. Molecular methods, sequencing and bioinformatics have recently become irreplaceable tools in emerging infectious diseases research and even outbreak prediction.
  • 667
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that is prevalent worldwide and has major impacts on both humans and animals. The disease is caused by species of Leptospira, a spirochaete bacterium with increasing genetic diversity.
  • 641
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microfiber Pollution in Commercial Fish Species
Microfiber pollution is a widespread threat to marine fauna, including fish edible species. These particles may be released into water from textiles during the washing process, and due to their low dimensions, the majority of microfibers cannot be blocked from wastewater treatment plants, reaching seas and oceans. 
  • 639
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Chondronecrosis and Osteomyelitis in Commercial Broilers
Modern day broilers have a great genetic potential to gain heavy bodyweights with a huge metabolic demand prior to their fully mature ages. Moreover, this made the broilers prone to opportunistic pathogens which may enter the locomotory organs under stress causing bacterial chondronecrosis and osteomyelitis (BCO).
  • 632
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intrauterine and Extrauterine Sensory Entrainment in Mammalian Young
A key event in the life of a mammalian fetus is its birth, especially in view of the exceptional change in its environment that occurs at birth. An area of great interest is the extent to which factors within the uterus prepare the fetus for birth and postnatal life. These and other factors are evaluated here for mammalian young that exhibit mature, moderately immature, and exceptionally immature neurological development at birth. A striking finding is the basic uniformity of various preparatory processes despite the diversity of birth-related circumstances among different terrestrial mammals. Numerous scientific disciplines have contributed to understanding in this area.
  • 611
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lab Rodent Management
Maintaining laboratory rats and mice, critical for scientific research, involves careful breeding, housing, and ethical considerations. Breeding pairs must be selected with genetic diversity in mind, and a controlled environment with optimal temperature, lighting, and nesting materials is crucial for successful reproduction. Pregnancy and postnatal care, along with a focus on cage design, nutrition, and disease management, ensure the well-being of these animals. Ethical guidelines and regulatory compliance, such as approval from animal ethics committees and adherence to animal welfare legislation, underscore the responsible use of lab rats and mice. Meticulous record-keeping further supports the ethical and scientific integrity of research involving these small but invaluable creatures.
  • 602
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Defects Associated with  Repeat Breeder Cow Syndrome
Repeat breeder cow (RBC) syndrome encompasses cows failing three or more times to become pregnant, but with the special characteristic that their estrous cycles have a normal duration. Farmers and technicians commonly feel incapable of addressing this reproductive issue, and after numerous unsuccessful attempts to conceive, it is often necessary to cull cows. Important economic losses are linked to RBC syndrome due to diagnosis, therapy, or reduced milk production, among others.
  • 594
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Application of Exogenous GnRH in Food Animal Production
Exogenous GnRH and agonists have been employed for controlling reproductive cascades in animals, and treating some reproductive morbidities. The administration of GnRH is used in animals to counter ovarian dysfunction, induce ovulation, and to increase conception and pregnancy rates. GnRH and its agonists are used in the treatment of cystic ovarian degeneration and repeat breeder syndrome. The development of protocols for GnRH administration by intramuscular injection, intramuscular or subcutaneous implants, and intravaginal deposition has empowered their clinical use worldwide. 
  • 587
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Organic Pig Population in Greece
Information on the production, development and health status of organic pig farming in Greece and the potential prospects for sustainability and future development. Among the pig breeds reared on organic farms, the indigenous Greek Black Pig is the most common.
  • 585
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Integrating (Nutri-)Metabolomics into the One Health Tendency
The term ‘metabolomics’ was introduced in the literature in 1998 and refers to the study of small molecules in a biological sample. In 2001, a group of biochemists founded the Society of Metabolomics, and the use of this technology in various fields of research has increased greatly since 2005. Nutrimetabolomics, or nutritional metabolomics, is an integral part of metabolomics with the goal of examining individual functional responses to different diets, analysing specific dietary biomarkers for targeted foods and diets, and investigating the interrelationship between risk factors for certain diseases and different diets both in the human and veterinary science fields. 
  • 584
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Rabbits as Animal Models for Anti-Tick Vaccine Development
Studies evaluating candidate tick-derived proteins as anti-tick vaccines in natural hosts have been limited due to high costs. To overcome this problem, animal models are used in immunization tests. The most commonly used rabbit breeds were New Zealand (73.8%), Japanese white (19%), Californians (4.8%) and Flemish lop-eared (2.4%) rabbits. Anti-tick vaccines efficacy resulted in up to 99.9%. Haemaphysalis longicornis (17.9%) and Ornithodoros moubata (12.8%) were the most common tick models in vaccination trials. Experiments with rabbits have revealed that some proteins (CoAQP, OeAQP, OeAQP1, Bm86, GST-Hl, 64TRP, serpins and voraxin) can induce immune responses against various tick species. 
  • 579
  • 11 Sep 2023
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