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Topic Review
Crop Residue Management in India
Crop residue management choices should be measured on the premise of productivity, gain, and environmental impact. These criteria would overlap with those employed in the approach of ecological intensification for intensive crop production systems aiming to fulfill the increasing demand for food, feed, fiber, and fuel, while meeting acceptable standards of environmental quality.
  • 998
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Alt a 1 Protein Family in Phylogenetic-Related Alternaria
Alternaria is a genus of worldwide fungi found in different habitats such as soil, the atmosphere, plants or indoor environments. Alternaria species are saprobic—largely involved in the decomposition of organic material—but they can also act as animal pathogens, causing disease in humans and animals, developing infections, toxicosis and allergic diseases. A. alternata is considered one of the most important sources of fungal allergens worldwide and it is associated with severe asthma and respiratory status. In fact,  Alt a 1, the main allergen of A. alternata, is an important marker for assessing the risk factor and severity of allergic respiratory disease. Another role of Alt a 1, from a evolutionary point of view, would be to define a family of proteins that would allow establishing taxonomic relationships between different fungal divisions. Finally, Alt a 1 has been shown to be a very useful marker for the identification of pathogenic molds contaminating plants and fruits.
  • 992
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Co-Delivery System in Medical and Agricultural Field
Drug and gene delivery systems mediated by nanoparticles have been widely studied for life science in the past decade. The application of nano-delivery systems can dramatically improve the stability and delivery efficiency of carried ingredients, overcoming the defects of administration routes in cancer therapy, and possibly maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, delivery of a drug or gene alone sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory effect. The nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system can load multiple drugs and genes simultaneously, and improve the effectiveness of each component, thus amplifying efficacy and exhibiting synergistic effects in cancer therapy and pest management. 
  • 983
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Romania
Vitis vinifera, known as the common grape vine, represents one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Romania is a wine-producing country with a rich and long tradition in viticulture. Increasing reports of damage caused by grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have raised concerns in all wine producing countries. 
  • 982
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pantoea and Rice Plants
Pantoea species are gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family, generally associated with plants, either as epiphytes or as pathogens. In the last decade, Pantoea species are being regarded as re-emerging pathogens that are the causal agents of various diseases in rice plants. Inherently, they are also known to be opportunistic plant symbionts having the capacity to enhance systemic resistance and increase the yield of rice plants.
  • 979
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Management of Olive Orchard Nutrition
Plant responses to nutritional aspects, as well as environmental considerations, are discussed. Nutrient deficiency impairs production, whereas over-fertilization may reduce yields and oil quality, and increase environmental hazards and production costs. The effect of irrigation on nutrient availability and uptake is very significant. Application of organic matter (e.g., manure, compost) and cover crops can serve as substitutes for mineral fertilization with additional benefits to soil properties. Recycling of the pruned orchard material, olive pomace and olive mill wastewater, as well as the use of recycled wastewater for irrigation, are all potentially beneficial to olive orchard sustainability, but present the risk of environmental pollution.
  • 973
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oils and Spodoptera frugiperda
Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest of maize crops. Essential oils (EOs) are a possible source of novel pesticides, due to the fact that they have contact, fumigant, attractant and repellent activities against several insect pests.
  • 968
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Basic Concepts and Technologies of Smart Agriculture
Smart agriculture (SA) entails the exploitation of data to optimize agricultural systems. The distinction from precision agriculture may seem minor, but is crucial, as it defines the next revolution within agricultural and digital industries. The focus of SA is on data exploitation; this requires access to data, data analysis, and the application of the results over multiple (ideally, all) farm or ranch operations.
  • 959
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Irrigation Management on Wheat Physiology, Yield, and Quality
Irrigation has been pivotal in sustaining wheat as a major food crop in the world and is increasingly important as an adaptation response to climate change. In the context of agricultural production responding to climate change, improved irrigation management plays a significant role in increasing water productivity (WP) and maintaining the sustainable development of water resources. Considering that wheat is a major crop cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, which consumes high amounts of irrigation water, developing wheat irrigation management with high efficiency is urgently required. Both irrigation scheduling and irrigation methods intricately influence wheat physiology, affect plant growth and development, and regulate grain yield and quality. 
  • 958
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone
Plants, the cornerstone of life on Earth, are constantly struggling with a number of challenges arising from both biotic and abiotic stressors. To overcome these adverse factors, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms involving both a number of cell signaling pathways and a complex network of interactions with microorganisms. Among these interactions, the relationship between symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and strigolactones (SLs) stands as an important interplay that has a significant impact on increased resistance to environmental stresses and improved nutrient uptake and the subsequent enhanced plant growth.
  • 954
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Folate Biofortification in Soybean
Folate (vitamin B9) is an essential water-soluble vitamin in plants and microorganisms that plays a role in one-carbon metabolism. It functions as a cofactor in the synthesis of nucleic acids, metabolism of amino acids, and methylation of hormones, lipids, proteins, and chlorophyll. Folate is particularly important for cell division in pregnant and lactating women. However, humans cannot synthesise folate de novo and must obtain it from dietary sources, such as crops, animal-based foods, or nutritional supplements. 
  • 949
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Pathogens on Bast Fiber Crops
Bast fiber crops are an important group of economic crops for the purpose of harvesting fibers from stems. These fibers are sclerenchyma fibers associated with the phloem of plants. They arise either with primary tissues from the apical meristem, or with secondary tissues produced by the lateral meristem. Fungal diseases have become an important factor limiting their yield and quality, causing devastating consequences for the production of bast fiber crops in many parts of the world.
  • 946
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Role of Phytohormones in Sugarcane Sucrose Metabolism
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) is the chief source of sugar and biofuel globally and is prominent among cash crops. Sucrose is the main required product in sugarcane, and many studies have been performed to understand the phenomena of sucrose synthesis, metabolism, and accumulation in sugarcane. However, none of the studies concluded that a single gene is responsible for the sucrose content. Instead, a complex mechanism consisting of several genes, such as sucrose phosphate synthase genes (SPS1, SPS2, SPS4, SPS5), sucrose synthase genes (SuSy1, SuSy2, SuSy4), invertase genes (INV, CWIN, NIN1, CINV2), and phytohormone, trehalose, transcription factor (TF), protein kinase, and sugar transporter genes are working spatiotemporally in sugarcane. Plant hormones are the main regulatory tools involved in growth and development, which play a dominant role in integrating interior and exterior signals that temper development.
  • 939
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mangrove Swamp Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau
Rice (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima) is one of the most important staple foods on the Asian, African, and American continents. The rice crop grows primarily in the humid and seasonally dry tropics of the world, in most cases with irrigation or freshwater harvesting systems. The mangrove swamp rice production (MSRP) refers to rice cultivation in former mangrove soils that have been anthropogenically modified for rice production in west Africa.
  • 933
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Mee (Madhuca longifolia) Seed Fat
Mee (Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J.F. Macb. var. longifolia) is a salient economic tree spread throughout the subtropical region of the Indian subcontinent. Its seed constituents have distinctive chemical properties and thus extracted fat have distinctive nutritional and functional characteristics.
  • 921
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Transformations of Elemental Sulfur in Soil
Sulfur is an essential element in determining the productivity and quality of agricultural products. It is also an element associated with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress in plants. In agricultural practice, sulfur has broad use in the form of sulfate fertilizers and, to a lesser extent, as sulfite biostimulants.
  • 913
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Allelopathy of S. canadensis
Solidago canadensis L. is native to North America and have naturalized many other continents including Europa and Asia. Their species is an aggressive colonizer and forms thick monospecific stands. Allelopathy is the chemical interaction between donor plants and recipient plants through allelochemicals. Allelochemicals are produced in some plant parts and released into the vicinity of the donor plants, including their rhizosphere soil either by the root exudation, rainfall leachates, volatilization from the plant parts or decomposition processes of plant residues.
  • 896
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Application of Copper-Based Antimicrobial Compounds
Copper-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) can control a wide range of plant diseases, such as grape downy mildew, citrus black spot, fire blight of pome fruits, walnut blight, potato late blight, stone fruit canker, coffee berry disease, olive leaf spot, and powdery mildew of many other crops. At present, not considering metal contaminants, CBACs are still at the forefront as the main pesticides sold in Europe.
  • 896
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Anthocyanins in Fruits
Different anthocyanidins determine the color of the plant and range from orange to red, blue, and purple colors. Anthocyanins have a wide range of applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industry. They have strong anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidative properties and research results have linked dietary enrichment with anthocyanins to a reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancers and the inhibition of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline. Anthocyanins also increase the endurance and elasticity of capillaries and reduce their permeability. Additionally, they increase visual acuity and are used for some eye diseases, especially the anthocyan glycosides in bilberry. It is important to note that some anthocyanins have radioprotective effects and are used for the treatment and prophylaxis of radiation sickness.
  • 895
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cereal-Grain Legume Mixtures
Cultivation of crops after such mixtures usually results in higher and more stable yields. The productivity of cereal-grain legume mixtures largely depends on the soil factors (soil type, pH, water availability, etc.), crop species, crop variety, and crop management. Cereal-grain legume mixtures are particularly relevant to the poor (sandy) soils which are often unsuitable for the production of the components grown as a sole crop and are often linked with low-input farming systems.
  • 894
  • 27 Feb 2023
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