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Topic Review
Cephenemyiosis
Cephenemyia stimulator is a Palearctic species developing in the nasal cavity and pharynx of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). It is widely spread in the range of distribution of this ungulate in Europe.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites
The use of natural fibers in cementitious composites continue gaining acceptability and applicability due to its advantages over other artificial and synthetic fiber; this is because natural fibers are more economical and environmentally friendly and sustainable. Additionally, their biodegradability, lightweight and lower density, higher strength-to-weight ratio, and non-toxicity give them some advantages when used in place of synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers. Furthermore, the production and processing of natural fibers involve less energy in comparison to other synthetic fibers. As a reference, the processing and production of jute natural finer, requires only about 7% of the energy needed to produce the same weight of polypropylene artificial fibers. Additionally, the production of 1 tons of polypropylene fiber generates about 3.7 tons of CO2, while the jute fiber absorbs CO2. Some of the major shortcomings of using natural fibers are its hydrophobic nature. Another problem related to the use of natural fibers in cement composites is its higher variations in properties, causing erratic cementitious materials properties; these defects need modification for the fiber to be effectively used and enhance the properties of cementitious composites.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Medicine
Sleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. From the middle of the 20th century, research has provided increasing knowledge and answered many questions about sleep-wake functioning. The rapidly evolving field has become a recognized medical subspecialty in some countries. Dental sleep medicine also qualifies for board certification in some countries. Properly organized, minimum 12-month, postgraduate training programs are still being defined in the United States. In some countries, the sleep researchers and the physicians who treat patients may be the same people. The first sleep clinics in the United States were established in the 1970s by interested physicians and technicians; the study, diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea were their first tasks. As late as 1999, virtually any American physician, with no specific training in sleep medicine, could open a sleep laboratory. Disorders and disturbances of sleep are widespread and can have significant consequences for affected individuals as well as economic and other consequences for society. The US National Transportation Safety Board has, according to Charles Czeisler, member of the Institute of Medicine and Director of the Harvard University Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, discovered that the leading cause (31%) of fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes is fatigue related (though rarely associated directly with sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea), with drugs and alcohol as the number two cause (29%). Sleep deprivation has also been a significant factor in dramatic accidents, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the nuclear incidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island and the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Adaptations of Saccharomyces Genus to Wine Niche
Under detrimental conditions such as those found during wine fermentation, yeast populations need to promote adaptive responses in order to survive in this harsh environment. Wine yeast has developed a plethora of genetic mechanisms to adapt to the wine niche, including variation of the copy number of certain genes, structural rearrangements, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or interspecific hybridization. From this set of genomic adaptations, structural variations leading to duplications of genes, chromosomic segments, full chromosomes or even the complete genome are the major cause of adaptation. Besides its great impact by changing dosage, this structural variation can be the substrate for evolution and even the generation of new genes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Global Veganism
Globally, diet patterns are changing due to culture dilution, agricultural trade policies and other variable factors. Amongst these patterns are veganism and vegetarianism which are not the same. Vegans completely avoid all forms of animal flesh and products from them. Vegetarians may consume some products with varying reasons, ranging from ethical and health to religious beliefs.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Black Slug
The black slug (also known as black arion, European black slug, or large black slug) Arion ater L. is a large terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Arionidae—the round back slugs. Land slugs lack shells like other terrestrial mollusks (such as snails). Without such shells, slugs produce unappetizing mucus—that may also contain toxins—to deter predators. Terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying. Such mollusks are hermaphroditic. Slugs most often function as decomposers but are also often omnivores. Arion ater is one such slug, decomposing organic matter, preying on other organisms, and consuming vegetative matter—including agricultural crops. Native to Europe, the black slug is an invasive species in Australia, Canada (British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec), and the United States—Pacific Northwest.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Pneumocystis specimens are commonly found in the lungs of healthy people although it is usually not a cause for disease. However, they are a source of opportunistic infection and can cause lung infections in people with a weak immune system or other predisposing health conditions. PCP is seen in people with HIV/AIDS (who account for 30-40% of PCP cases), those using medications that suppress the immune system, and people with cancer, autoimmune or inflammatory conditions, and chronic lung disease.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Conceptual Interoperability
Conceptual interoperability is a concept in simulation theory. However, it is broadly applicable for other model-based information technology domains. From the early ideas of Harkrider and Lunceford, simulation composability has been studied in more detail. Petty and Weisel formulated the current working definition: "Composability is the capability to select and assemble simulation components in various combinations into simulation systems to satisfy specific user requirements. The defining characteristic of composability is the ability to combine and recombine components into different simulation systems for different purposes." A recent RAND study provided a coherent overview of the state of composability for military simulation systems within the U.S. Department of Defense; many of its findings have much broader applicability.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vinyl Ether
Vinyl ether is the organic compound with the formula O(CH=CH2)2. Other names include divinyl ether, divinyl oxide, ethenoxyethene. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. Under the tradename vinethene, vinyl ether was once used as an inhalation anesthetic. The analytical techniques used to study its pharmacology laid the groundwork for the testing of new anesthetic agents. Many divinyl ether derivatives of fatty acids exist in nature.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Evolving Networks
Evolving Networks are networks that change as a function of time. They are a natural extension of network science since almost all real world networks evolve over time, either by adding or removing nodes or links over time. Often all of these processes occur simultaneously, such as in social networks where people make and lose friends over time, thereby creating and destroying edges, and some people become part of new social networks or leave their networks, changing the nodes in the network. Evolving network concepts build on established network theory and are now being introduced into studying networks in many diverse fields.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Staging Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide and represents one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a systemic treatment administered before surgery, whose indications have expanded from inoperable locally advanced to early-stage breast cancer. The pivotal role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with morphological and functional modalities is making headway in the assessment of tumor size in the staging, residual tumor, surgical planning and prediction of response. Radiomics and radiogenomics MRI applications in the setting of breast cancer NACT response prediction are continuously increasing. Tailored systemic therapy strategies allow considerations of treatment de-escalation in excellent responders and avoiding or at least postponing breast surgery in selected patients.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Derivatization Strategies in Flavor Analysis
Wine and beer are the most appreciated and consumed beverages in the world. This success is mainly due to their characteristic taste, smell, and aroma, which can delight consumer’s palates. These olfactory characteristics are produced from specific classes of volatile compounds called “volatile odor-active compounds” linked to different factors such as age and production. Given the vast market of drinking beverages, the characterization of these odor compounds is increasingly important. However, the chemical complexity of these beverages has led the scientific community to develop several analytical techniques for extracting and quantifying these molecules. Even though the recent “green-oriented” trend is directed towards direct preparation-free procedures, for some class of analytes a conventional step like derivatization is unavoidable.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for CO2 Capture
The requirement to counter carbon emissions is becoming urgent. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) have been extensively investigated for storing and separating gases, especially carbon dioxide. ZIFs are the subclass of metal-organic frameworks with analogous topology to inorganic porous zeolites. These are attractive candidates for several applications, including storage and separation of gases, due to their outstanding properties such as high CO2 uptake, large surface area, permanent porosity, high thermal stability, high chemical stability, etc.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microscience of the Beverage Industry
Emulsions and foams form the basis of an extensive variety of materials used in the beverage industry. One of the characteristics of beverage emulsions is that they are somewhat diluted, contain little amounts of a dispersed oil phase in the finished product, and must remain physically stable for long periods.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cultural Identity in the Tourism Development of Colombia
Cultural identity, a concept deeply ingrained in disciplines like archaeology, history, and anthropology, has been a subject of ongoing discussion for experts across the ages. It encompasses the unique set of values, traditions, and customs that define a particular group of people. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
RNA Polymerase II
Central to the development and survival of all organisms is the regulation of gene expression, which begins with the process of transcription catalyzed by RNA polymerases. During transcription of protein-coding genes, the general transcription factors (GTFs) work alongside RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to assemble the preinitiation complex at the transcription start site, open the promoter DNA, initiate synthesis of the nascent messenger RNA, transition to productive elongation, and ultimately terminate transcription.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Carbon Footprint
A carbon footprint is “a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by the activities of an individual or is accumulated over the life stages of a product”.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Optimization of Independent Vector Analysis Algorithm
With the advent of the era of big data information, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have become extremely promising and attractive. It has become extremely important to extract useful signals by decomposing various mixed signals through blind source separation (BSS). BSS has been proven to have prominent applications in multichannel audio processing. For multichannel speech signals, independent component analysis (ICA) requires a certain statistical independence of source signals and other conditions to allow blind separation. independent vector analysis (IVA) is an extension of ICA for the simultaneous separation of multiple parallel mixed signals. IVA solves the problem of arrangement ambiguity caused by independent component analysis by exploiting the dependencies between source signal components and plays a crucial role in dealing with the problem of convolutional blind signal separation.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Finerenone’s Mechanism of Action
Finerenone is a novel, selective, nonsteroidal MRA that is efficacious in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Steroidal MR antagonists (MRAs) are included in treatment paradigms for resistant hypertension and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, while the nonsteroidal MRA finerenone was shown to reduce renal and cardiovascular outcomes in two large phase III trials (FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD) in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fruitflow® as Dietary Antiplatelets
Fruitflow® is derived from ripe tomatoes using a process that removes pomace, seeds, and fats while operating at low processing temperatures (~40 °C) to control the production of artefacts such as Maillard/Amadori products or Strecker aldehydes. Fruitflow® is standardised regarding representatives of its three main classes of antiplatelet compounds—nucleosides, phenolic derivatives, and flavonoid derivatives—and the total amount of ‘bioactive extract’ present.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2021
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