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Topic Review
Pale Fox
The Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida) is a small canid species native to the deserts and semi-arid regions of North Africa. Recognized by its distinctive pale fur and large ears, the Pale Fox is adapted to the harsh conditions of its arid habitat, where it plays a crucial role as a predator and scavenger. Despite its elusive nature, the Pale Fox serves as an important indicator of ecosystem health in its arid environment and is a subject of interest for conservation efforts aimed at protecting desert biodiversity.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Application in Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
The role of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy in managing various small-bowel pathologies is well-established. However, their broader application has been hampered mainly by their lengthy reading times. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing artificial intelligence (AI) in these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, driven by the prospect of overcoming some major limitations and enhancing healthcare efficiency, while maintaining high accuracy levels.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery
Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Ejector-Absorption Refrigeration Systems
Absorption Refrigeration Systems (ARS) are potential alternatives to direct expansion (DX) refrigeration systems. This review focuses on the incorporation of an ejector into absorption refrigeration cycles to constitute Hybrid Ejector-Absorption Refrigeration Systems (HEARS). The ejector adds several advantages to the absorption refrigeration systems depending on its location in the cycle. The two prevalent configurations of HEARS are Triple pressure level (TPL-HEARS), and Low Pressure Condenser (LPC-HEARS). Previous studies revealed the preference of the later configuration as it allows lower circulation ratios, enhances the refrigeration effect, and could achieve a COP up to 1. Moreover, LPC configuration is suitable with single, double, and variable effect absorption systems with a COP of above unity. In turn, the TPL-HEARS notably enhances the absorption process particularly when a variable geometry ejector is utilized. This configuration could obtain a COP around 1.1, but only with high-density refrigerant vapor. Lately, to attain the advantages of both configurations; some studies investigated the viability of adding two ejectors to the cycle. This paper meticulously reviews investigations conducted on the emerging dual ejectors-absorption refrigeration technology. This paper reveals the general performance trend and the maximum attainable COP by each type of hybrid ejector-absorption refrigeration system. DEARS and Ejector-driven absorption refrigeration systems (ED-ARS) could achieve COP that ranges between 1.2 and 1.46. The use of a flash tank and a RHE is essential in NH3/H2O HEARS. At high generator temperatures of (120 – 170 °C), DEARS was found to be the system with the less complexity and best performance. Nevertheless, the performance of the DEARS might drop significantly if the heat source temperature is fluctuating. Thence, the variable effect HEARS is considered the best alternative. The capability of HEARS to be integrated with different power generation cycles is also highlighted. Finally, the review presents possible future research opportunities to improve the absorption refrigeration technology.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TRNA Modifications in Microorganisms
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential adaptors that mediate translation of the genetic code. Modifications to tRNA are installed as post-transcriptional events at multiple locations on the tRNA structure by specialized tRNA-modifying enzymes and can occur at the 2’OH group of the ribose moiety as well as various positions of all A, C, G, and U bases. These modifications are diverse in their chemical structures and functional properties, and respond to nutritional and environmental factors.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Street Gang Intervention
Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. The Good Lives Model was proposed as a framework for street gang intervention.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in CNS
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large group of neurological disorders with diverse etiological and pathological phenomena. However, current therapeutics rely mostly on symptomatic relief while failing to target the underlying disease pathobiology. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Many currently available antipsychotic therapeutics also act as either antagonists or agonists of different GPCRs. Therefore, GPCR-based drug development is spreading widely to regulate neurodegeneration and associated cognitive deficits through the modulation of canonical and noncanonical signals.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Low-carbon tourism supply chain
Low-carbon tourism is a kind of way to reduce the "carbon" tourism, that is, in the tourism activities, tourists try to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions. That is, green travel based on low energy consumption and low pollution, advocating the minimum reduction of carbon footprint and carbon dioxide emissions during travel, is also a deep-seated performance of environmental tourism. This paper integrates a low-carbon tourism supply chain consisting of a low-carbon tourist attraction (LTA) providing a low-carbon service and an online travel agency (OTA) responsible for big data marketing. Consumers may also encounter sudden crisis events that occur in the tourist attraction during their visit, and the occurrence of crisis events can damage the low-carbon goodwill of the tourist attraction to the detriment of the sustainable development of the supply chain. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how tourism firms can develop dynamic strategies in the pre-crisis environment if they envision the occurrence of a crisis event and how crisis events affect interfirm cooperation. Our findings provide important managerial insights for enterprises in the tourism supply chain and suggest that they need to not only become aware of the tourist attraction crisis events, but also, more importantly, they need to adjust their appropriate input strategies based on the degree of anticipation of the crisis. 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Strengths and Weaknesses of Transmission Conductors
Electricity transmission is the necessary intermediary linking electricity generation and its distribution to the consumers. It is only efficient and effective electricity transmission that ensures high power delivery to target areas.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II
Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), a type I transmembrane mono-carboxypeptidase of renin angiotensin system (RAS), in involved in conversion of angiotensin I (Ang I) and angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin (1-9) and angiotensin (1-7), respectively. This enzyme, as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, plays a crucial role in the virus entrance into the host cells. The docking of the S protein to this receptor, eventually leads to the fusion of the virus membrane with the host cell plasma membrane to release the viral genome into the cell cytoplasm.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Agricultural Vehicle Path Tracking Control
Vehicle models are grouped into numerous types based on the structural characteristics and working conditions, including wheeled tractors, tracked tractors, rice transplanters, high clearance sprays, agricultural robots, agricultural tractor–trailers, etc.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diabetes Peptide-Based Drugs
Peptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from endogenous sources, have evolved beyond their natural origins, exhibiting favourable therapeutic effectiveness. The FDA has authorized a variety of medications for the treatment of diabetes, each designed to target different receptors and operate through diverse mechanisms, depending on the specific type of diabetes being addressed.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Screening
Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used to look for as-yet-unrecognised conditions or risk markers. This testing can be applied to individuals or to a whole population. The people tested may not exhibit any signs or symptoms of a disease, or they might exhibit only one or two symptoms, which by themselves do not indicate a definitive diagnosis. Screening interventions are designed to identify conditions which could at some future point turn into disease, thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease. Although screening may lead to an earlier diagnosis, not all screening tests have been shown to benefit the person being screened; overdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and creating a false sense of security are some potential adverse effects of screening. Additionally, some screening tests can be inappropriately overused. For these reasons, a test used in a screening program, especially for a disease with low incidence, must have good sensitivity in addition to acceptable specificity. Several types of screening exist: universal screening involves screening of all individuals in a certain category (for example, all children of a certain age). Case finding involves screening a smaller group of people based on the presence of risk factors (for example, because a family member has been diagnosed with a hereditary disease). Screening interventions are not designed to be diagnostic, and often have significant rates of both false positive and false negative results. Frequently updated recommendations for screening are provided by the independent panel of experts, the United States Preventive Services Task Force.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of H-II and H3 Launches
This is a list of launches made by JAXA using H-II, H-IIA, H-IIB and H3 rockets.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
OTOF-Associated Hearing Impairment
Otoferlin, an essential synaptic protein in the auditory sensory inner hair cells, is encoded by the gene OTOF. Biallelic variants in OTOF are associated with autosomal recessive auditory neuropathy or synaptopathy (DFNB9). Since its discovery in 1996, roughly 220 causally-associated variants have been uncovered. The prevalence of OTOF-associated hearing loss varies according to population. A higher molecular genetic diagnostic yield has been reported in patients with prelingual auditory synaptopathy, making this very specific clinical feature a useful criterion for OTOF diagnostic testing. Apart from this clinical hallmark, genotype-phenotype correlations are rather complex and include a variant that causes temperature-sensitive auditory neuropathy (p.Ile515Thr) and three variants that have so far been associated with progressive hearing impairment. Several founder variants have been reported in the Asian and European populations. A complete landscape of genomic variation at the DFNB9 locus remains to be determined and improvements in genomics technologies may eventually uncover novel insights into possible missing variants. A complete understanding of OTOF variants is essential for the success of current and future therapies.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Viroids and Plants
Viroids are plant pathogenic, circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus of plant cells through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates, thus triggering the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. In plants, the two RNAi pillars are Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM), and the latter has the potential to trigger Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS). Over the last three decades, the employment of viroid-based systems has immensely contributed to our understanding of both of these RNAi facets.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Vimentin at the Heart of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible plethora of molecular events where epithelial cells gain the phenotype of mesenchymal cells to invade the surrounding tissues. EMT is a physiological event during embryogenesis (type I) but also happens during fibrosis (type II) and cancer metastasis (type III). It is a multifaceted phenomenon governed by the activation of genes associated with cell migration, extracellular matrix degradation, DNA repair, and angiogenesis. The cancer cells employ EMT to acquire the ability to migrate, resist therapeutic agents and escape immunity. One of the key biomarkers of EMT is vimentin, a type III intermediate filament that is normally expressed in mesenchymal cells but is upregulated during cancer metastasis. 
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Live Streaming and Consumer Purchase Intentions
As a new business model, live-streaming commerce has great commercial value. Interactivity, visualization, entertainment, and professionalization play considerable roles in consumer behavioral responses and that their psychological mechanisms are different. Male respondents are more satisfied with interactivity than females. E-commerce platforms are more interactive, visible and professional than social media platforms, and the trust mechanism of social media platforms is immature.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Risk Analysis of Engineering Procurement and Construction
The lump sum turn key (LSTK) contract for engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects is a typical contract type used in large-scale and complex plant projects. 
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Branchiomeric Muscle Development
Branchiomeric skeletal muscles are a subset of head muscles originating from skeletal muscle progenitor cells in the mesodermal core of pharyngeal arches. These muscles are involved in facial expression, mastication, and function of the larynx and pharynx. Branchiomeric muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years due to their distinct developmental programs and common origin with the heart muscle.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Sep 2022
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