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Topic Review
Battery Management System Application
Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hybrid EV (HEV) use Lithium (Li) ion battery packs to drive them. These battery packs possess high specific density and low discharge rates. However, some of the limitations of such Li ion batteries are sensitivity to high temperature and health degradation over long usage. The Battery Management System (BMS) protects the battery against overvoltage, overcurrent etc., and monitors the State of Charge (SOC) and the State of Health (SOH). SOH is a complex phenomenon dealing with the effects related to aging of the battery such as the increase in the internal resistance and decrease in the capacity due to unwanted side reactions. The battery life can be extended by estimating the SOH accurately.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Coronary Artery Disease
Clinically significant atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is an endemic condition that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning over the last two decades has unlocked new dimensions in the field of cardiovascular medicine. From automatic interpretations of heart rhythm disorders via smartwatches, to assisting in complex decision-making, AI has quickly expanded its realms in medicine and has demonstrated itself as a promising tool in helping clinicians guide treatment decisions. Understanding complex genetic interactions and developing clinical risk prediction models, advanced cardiac imaging, and improving mortality outcomes are just a few areas where AI has been applied in the domain of coronary artery disease. 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Biological Drug Approvals by the FDA in 2015–2021
Despite belonging to a relatively new class of pharmaceuticals, biological drugs have been used since the 1980s, when they brought about a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic diseases, especially cancer. They conquered a large space in the pipeline of the pharmaceutical industry and boosted the innovation portfolio and arsenal of therapeutic compounds available. From 2015 to 2021, the number of drugs included in this class grew over this period, totaling 90 approvals, with an average of 13 authorizations per year.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Participism
Participism is a libertarian socialist political philosophy consisting of two independently created economic and political systems: participatory economics ("parecon") and participatory politics ("parpolity"). Participism is intended as an alternative to both capitalism and centrally-planned state socialism. Participism has significantly informed the International Organization for a Participatory Society.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Simulations of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are powerful theoretical methods that can reveal biomolecular properties, such as structure, fluctuations, and ligand binding, at the atomic level. All-atom MD simulations elucidated a difference in the dynamic properties of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) in severe acute respiratory syndrom coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, which may cause activity differences of these RdRps. RdRp is also a drug target for Coronavirus disease 2019. Nucleotide analogs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are considered to be taken up by RdRp and inhibit RNA replication. The recognition mechanism of RdRp for these drug molecules and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was revealed by MD simulations at the atomic detail. In addition, various simulation studies on the complexes of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp with several nucleotide analogs are also presented.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Heparin-Grafted Hemodialysis Membranes
Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining extracorporeal blood purifying treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, this membrane-based therapy is associated with acute side effects, life-threatening chronic conditions, and unacceptably high morbidity and mortality rates. Numerous surface coatings have been developed to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant substance that increases the clotting time and increases the membrane hemocompatibility in terms of platelet adhesion and protein adsorption and anti-clotting activity. However, using heparin is challenging due to its severe or life-threatening side effects such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), in addition to heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT). In addition, heparin is strongly electronegative and exhibits a binding affinity for the positive active sites of human serum proteins, which is an additional challenge. Consequently, covalently immobilized heparin would create a more charged surface to induce more blood–membrane interactions, and consequently more adsorbed human serum proteins and biochemical pathway activations, which can negatively affect dialysis patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Evolution of Microgrid Technology
Microgrids are energy systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main electricity grid. There are numerous subdomains of microgrid technology research, each of which focuses on a distinct component of microgrid design, operation, and management. Energy storage, control, power electronics and power quality, renewable energy integration, stability, storage, protection and cybersecurity, regulation and distribution, and economic and business models are some of the major areas of microgrid technology study.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Crab-eating Raccoon
The Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a fascinating mammal species native to Central and South America. Renowned for its adaptable nature and varied diet, this raccoon species is often found in a range of habitats, including mangrove forests, wetlands, and coastal areas. Its distinctive name reflects its unique dietary preference for crustaceans, particularly crabs, although it also consumes a variety of other foods such as fruit, insects, and small vertebrates.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mobile Learning Technologies for Education
The digital revolution is transforming education by using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve student's learning outcomes. In the last 50 years, changes can be seen in every area of society, such as culture, entertainment, and social interaction. However, the current educational model is very similar to how it was back then. Due to the characteristics of mobile devices, and the inexperience of teachers and educational institutions, students may experience distractions in their learning and may be involved in inefficient educational methodologies. Digital revolution is transforming these educational models, involving students, teachers, and educational institutions in this process[3]. The appropriate use of digital technologies and a pedagogical approach in the design of learning models could generate an improvement in the learning results of the students. Today’s world demands more efficient learning models that allow students to play a more active role in their education. Technology is having an impact on how instruction is delivered and how information is found and share. Until very recently, the educational models encouraged memorization as an essential learning skill. These days, technologies have changed the educational model and access to information. Knowledge is available online, mostly free, and easily accessible. Reading, sharing, listening and, doing are currently necessary skills for education. The study of innovation in education systems has increasingly attracted the attention of academics around the world. Educational innovation refers to new ways of delivering education in a way that impacts new generations of students. The educational model in higher education institutions (HEIs) was not designed for this generation of "digital natives". Therefore, HEIs face the challenge of improving their teaching strategies and making them attractive to students and their needs. Mobile devices have become a complete set of applications, support, and help for educational organizations. By conducting an analysis of the behavior and use of mobile devices on current students, efficient educational applications can be developed. Although there are several initiatives for the use of mobile learning in education, there are also issues linked to this technology that must be addressed.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Epilepsy in Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from energy deficit and reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production due to impaired oxidative phosphorylation. The manifestation of mitochondrial disease is usually multi-organ. Epilepsy is one of the most common manifestations of diseases resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction, especially in children.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
IoT Threats and Attacks
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in interconnecting physical and virtual objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies intending to connect and exchange data with devices and systems around the globe over the Internet. With a multitude of features to offer, IoT is a boon to mankind, but just as two sides of a coin, the technology, with its lack of securing information, may result in a big bane. It is estimated that by the year 2030, there will be nearly 25.44 billion IoT devices connected worldwide.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Doping Strategy for Manganese-Based Zinc-ion Battery Cathode
As one of the most appealing options for large-scale energy storage systems, the commercialization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) has received considerable attention due to their cost effectiveness and inherent safety. A potential cathode material for the commercialization of AZIBs is the manganese-based cathode, but it suffers from poor cycle stability, owing to the Jahn–Teller effect, which leads to the dissolution of Mn in the electrolyte, as well as low electron/ion conductivity. In order to solve these problems, various strategies have been adopted to improve the stability of manganese-based cathode materials. 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vaginal Anomalies
Vaginal anomalies are abnormal structures that are formed (or not formed) during the prenatal development of the female reproductive system and are rare congenital defects that result in an abnormal or absent vagina. When present, they are often found with uterine, skeletal and urinary abnormalities. This is because these structures, like the vagina, are most susceptible to disruption during crucial times of organ-genesis. Many of these defects are classified under the broader term Müllerian duct anomalies. Müllerian duct anomalies are caused by a disturbance during the embryonic time of genitourinary development. The other isolated incidents of vaginal anomalies can occur with no apparent cause. Oftentimes vaginal anomalies are part of a cluster of defects or syndromes. In addition, inheritance can play a part as can prenatal exposure to some teratogens. Many vaginal anomalies are not detected at birth because the external genitalia appear to be normal. Other organs of the reproductive system may not be affected by an abnormality of the vagina. The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries can be functional despite the presence of a defect of the vagina and external genitalia. A vaginal anomaly may not affect fertility. Though it depends on the extent of the vaginal defect, it is possible for conception to occur. In instances where a functional ovary exists, IVF may be successful. Functioning ovaries in a woman with a vaginal defect allows the implantation of a fertilized ovum into the uterus of an unaffected gestational carrier, usually another human. A successful conception and can occur. Vaginal length varies from 6.5 to 12.5 cm. Since this is slightly shorter than older descriptions, it may impact the diagnosis of women with vaginal agenesis or hypoplasia who may unnecessarily be encouraged to undergo treatment to increase the size of the vagina. Vaginal anomalies may cause difficulties in urination, conception, pregnancy, impair sex. Psychosocial effects can also exist.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Serious Energy Games
Serious energy games (SEGs) as interactive experiences that engage users to various energy applications are gaining prominence as an innovative approach, particularly in the realm of energy usage, distributed generation, and interaction with energy markets.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Logman
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Æternity
æternity is a public, open-source, blockchain-based distributed computing and digital-asset platform that builds upon decentralized cryptographic P2P technology. Real-world data can interface with smart contracts through "oracles". Scalability and trustless Turing-complete state channels set æternity apart from Blockchain 2.0 projects. æternity provides a virtual machine which can execute scripts implementing a so-called "smart contracts" using an decentralized global network of public nodes maintaining the blockchain. State channels enable smart contracts to remain private and scalable as long as there is no disagreement between the counterparties. Inherently integrated in æternity is a value token called an "æon" or "AE token", which can be transferred between participants and is used to compensate participant nodes for computations performed. AE tokens are used to pay for space and computation time on the virtual machine and prevent spam on the network while allocating storage and computation time proportionally to the incentive offered by the request.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Blockers of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction
The limited treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer with brain metastasis (TNBC-BM) have left the door of further drug development for these patients wide open. Although immunotherapy via monoclonal antibodies has shown some promising results in several cancers including TNBC, it cannot be considered the most effective treatment for brain metastasis. This is due to the protective role of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) which limits the entrance of most drugs, especially the bulky ones such as antibodies, to the brain. For a drug to traverse the BBB via passive diffusion, various physicochemical properties should be considered. 
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Waste Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Recycling and Reutilization
The extensive use of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) in aerospace, civil engineering, and other fields has resulted in a significant amount of waste, leading to serious environmental issues. Finding appropriate methods for recycling CFRP waste and effectively reusing recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) has become a challenging task.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Oct 2023
Topic Review
State-of-the-Art Vaccine for Aquaculture Use
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Mar 2021
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