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Topic Review
Fatigue and Aviation Safety
Fatigue has been identified as a safety hazard that has the potential to reduce the optimal performance required of aviation professionals such as pilots. Fatigue as a construct is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, Montreal, QC, Canada) as a “reduction of mental state or physical performance that results from sleep loss, extended wakefulness, an excessive workload, and or poor lifestyle choices”.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Use of Force by States
The use of force by states is controlled by both customary international law and by treaty law. The UN Charter reads in article 2(4): This principle is now considered to be a part of customary international law, and has the effect of banning the use of armed force except for two situations authorized by the UN Charter. Firstly, the Security Council, under powers granted in articles 24 and 25, and Chapter VII of the Charter, may authorize collective action to maintain or enforce international peace and security. Secondly, Article 51 also states that: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state." There are also more controversial claims by some states of a right of humanitarian intervention, reprisals and the protection of nationals abroad.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fruit Sizing with Machine Vision
Forward estimates of harvest load require information on fruit size as well as number. The task of sizing fruit and vegetables has been automated in the packhouse, progressing from mechanical methods to machine vision. This shift is occurring for size assessment of fruit on trees, i.e., in the orchard.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding Application
Traditional metals and alloys are often used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to their excellent electrical conductivity. However, they have drawbacks such as being heavy, expensive, and having low corrosion resistance, which limits their application in electromagnetic shielding. Therefore, it is crucial to develop novel EMI shielding materials. Polymers, being highly flexible, corrosion-resistant, and possessing high specific strength, are frequently employed in electromagnetic shielding materials.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fuzzy Logic Application into Marketing Strategy
Fuzzy marketing considers the degree to which a customer belongs to specific segments and subsequently allows them to be targeted with messages that engage them emotionally. Fuzzy marketing can enhance the company’s capability to build stronger customer relationships, enhance profitability, and improve marketing performance.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Second-Life Batteries
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to governmental policies focused on curbing climate change. EV batteries are retired when they are no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations. A large number of EV batteries are expected to be retired in the next 5–10 years. These retired batteries have 70–80% average capacity left. Second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing energy storage system (ESS) demand for the grid and also to create a circular economy for EV batteries. The needs of modern grids for frequency regulation, power smoothing, and peak shaving can be met using retired batteries.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Anticancer Polyaromatic Compounds
Bimal Krishna Banik Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA; Email: bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Synthesis of several polycyclic aromatic compounds is described. Some of these agents have demonstrated selective anticancer activities in vitro and in animal model. Preliminary mechanistic investigations about the cause of bioactivity are also performed.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the continuous progress in ASCVD therapy, the residual risk persists beyond the management of traditional risk factors. Several infections including Helicobacter pylori infection, periodontal disease, and viral infections are associated with the increased risk of ASCVD, both directly by damage to the heart muscle and vasculature, and indirectly by triggering a systemic proinflammatory state. Hence, beyond the optimal management of the traditional ASCVD risk factors, infections should be considered as an important non-classical risk factor to enable early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish: Neurological Diseases
Most neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable, with large social and economic impacts. Recently, there has been renewed interest in investigating natural products in the modern drug discovery paradigm as novel, bioactive small molecules. Moreover, the discovery of potential therapies for neurological disorders is challenging and involves developing optimized animal models for drug screening. In contemporary biomedicine, the growing need to develop experimental models to obtain a detailed understanding of malady conditions and to portray pioneering treatments has resulted in the application of zebrafish to close the gap between in vitro and in vivo assays. Zebrafish in pharmacogenetics and neuropharmacology are rapidly becoming a widely used organism. Brain function, dysfunction, genetic, and pharmacological modulation considerations are enhanced by both larval and adult zebrafish. Bioassay-guided identification of natural products using zebrafish presents as an attractive strategy for generating new lead compounds. Here, we see evidence that the zebrafish's central nervous system is suitable for modeling human neurological disease and we review and evaluate natural product research using zebrafish as a vertebrate model platform to systematically identify bioactive natural products. Finally, we review recently developed zebrafish models of neurological disorders that have the potential to be applied in this field of research.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Caregivers
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder typically occurring after the exposure, both direct and indirect, to a traumatic event, and is characterized by the onset and persistence of a series of clinical symptoms that can often be profoundly incapacitating and tendentially chronic. In the past decades, increasing attention has been deserved to PTSD among caregivers of patients affected by severe medical conditions characterized by a risk for life, a severe impairment or a chronic course (e.g. cancer, severe injuries, type 1 diabetes and neurologic disorders) highlighting the potential traumatic role of such experiences.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
The Genomic Characterization of OLYaV
This is a summary of the publication (https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101272) where the complete coding sequence of olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV) has been determined and the phylogenetic relationships with other members of the Closteroviridae family were analyzed. New insights into the taxonomy of the family were achieved suggesting that OLYaV, persimmon virus B and actidinia virus 1, could represent a new genus in the family, proposed the name Olivavirus for olive in latin (oliva).
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
L1 Syndrome
L1 syndrome describes a group of conditions that primarily affect the nervous system and occur almost exclusively in males. These conditions vary in severity and include, from most severe to least, X-linked hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius (HSAS), MASA syndrome, spastic paraplegia type 1, and X-linked complicated corpus callosum agenesis.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ammonia Fuel Cells
Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. 
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Digitally Enabled Person Centred Health and Care
Digitally enabled Person Centred Health and Care [DePCHaC] is term applicable to activities aimed at addressing health or providing care that use digital tools and functionality that has been specifically targeted to objectives and outcomes of the person.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) following perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of neurological sequelae in term and near-term infants. Despite therapeutic hypothermia, a significant number of infants still have adverse outcomes. Neuroimaging is the standard of care in infants with HIE to determine the nature and timing of the injury, guide further treatment, and predict neurodevelopmental outcomes. Cranial ultrasonography is helpful to assess the brain before initiation of therapeutic hypothermia to look for abnormalities suggestive of antenatal onset of injury or HIE mimics. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which includes diffusion-weighted imaging has become the gold standard to assess brain injury in newborns with HIE, and has an excellent prognostic utility. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides complementary metabolic information and has also been shown to be a reliable prognostic biomarker. Advanced imaging modalities, such as diffusion tensor imaging and arterial spin labeling, are increasingly being used to gain further information about the etiology and prognosis of brain injury in infants with HIE due to perinatal asphyxia. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis and Its Role in Chronic Diseases
Ferroptosis, which has been widely associated with many diseases, is an iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by intracellular lipid peroxide accumulation. It exhibits morphological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics that are unique in comparison to other types of cell death. The course of ferroptosis can be accurately regulated by the metabolism of iron, lipids, amino acids, and various signal pathways. 
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
KiHa 80 Series
The KiHa 80 series (キハ80系) was a diesel multiple unit type that operated on express services from 1960 to 2002, under Japan National Railways and later under JR Hokkaido and JR Central. Two variants were initially built: the KiHa 81 series (キハ81系) to replace the then steam-operated Hatsukari services in 1960, and the KiHa 82 series (キハ82系) for other services from 1961 to 1967; the KiHa 81 series sets would receive the fourth Blue Ribbon Award for outstanding design from the Japan Railfan Club (ja). The idea for the KiHa 81 series train was formulated at the first meeting of the Asian Railways Conference that occurred in Tokyo in late 1958. At that time, all services operating on non-electrified lines used steam locomotives, one of these services being the Hatsukari. By early 1960, the new cars were scheduled to start service in December of that year. After a promotional film of the KiHa 81 series was shot between September 15–23, 1960, and a demonstration was given to the participants of the 1960 Asian Railways Conference on October 14, the sets began operating Hatsukari services as planned on December 10. In the late 1980s, three resort trains were built based on the series: two KiHa 84 series (キハ84系) trains (the Furano Express and Tomamu Sahoro Express) and one remodeled KiHa 82 train (the Resort Liner). The Furano Express would be reliveried from June to October 1987 as part of a promotion with All Nippon Airways, and win the 30th Blue Ribbon Award in the same year; the Tomamu Sahoro Express set would participate in a Shikoku event showcasing the trains of all JR Group companies in 1989. By the time of its retirement in 2002, it had been superseded by various multiple units such as the KiHa 183, KiHa 181, and 485 series. Most cars were scrapped by 2009, but some were preserved, including a KiHa 81 lead car at the Kyoto Railway Museum, and a KiHa 82 lead car on the Hakkōda Maru [ja].
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lieb-Robinson Bounds
The Lieb-Robinson bound is a theoretical upper limit on the speed at which information can propagate in non-relativistic quantum systems. It demonstrates that information cannot travel instantaneously in quantum theory, even when the relativity limits of the speed of light are ignored. The existence of such a finite speed was discovered mathematically by Elliott H. Lieb and Derek W. Robinson (de) in 1972. It turns the locality properties of physical systems into the existence of, and upper bound for this speed. The bound is now known as the Lieb-Robinson bound and the speed is known as the Lieb-Robinson velocity. This velocity is always finite but not universal, depending on the details of the system under consideration. For finite-range, e.g. nearest-neighbor, interactions, this velocity is a constant independent of the distance travelled. In long-range interacting systems, this velocity remains finite, but it can increase with the distance travelled. In the study of quantum systems such as quantum optics, quantum information theory, atomic physics, and condensed matter physics, it is important to know that there is a finite speed with which information can propagate. The theory of relativity shows that no information, or anything else for that matter, can travel faster than the speed of light. When non-relativistic mechanics is considered, however, (Newton's equations of motion or Schrödinger's equation of quantum mechanics) it had been thought that there is then no limitation to the speed of propagation of information. This is not so for certain kinds of quantum systems of atoms arranged in a lattice, often called quantum spin systems. This is important conceptually and practically, because it means that, for short periods of time, distant parts of a system act independently. One of the practical applications of Lieb-Robinson bounds is quantum computing. Current proposals to construct quantum computers built out of atomic-like units mostly rely on the existence of this finite speed of propagation to protect against too rapid dispersal of information. 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Color Cosmetics Packaging
In spite of the significant progress towards sustainable cosmetics, mass-produced sustainable packaging has proven to be a challenge. The complexity of environmental, economic, social, technological, and policy considerations in conjunction with varying consumer behaviors and corporate goals can make it difficult to select an optimal strategy across heterogeneous supply chain components spread over the globe, and the cost and effort of developing, testing, and validating alternative strategies discourages empirical exploration of potential alternatives.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Immersive Technologies in Education
“Immersive technology” is a term that describes the combination of virtual elements and the real world in a way that lets the user interact naturally with both. Immersive technology is a broad and evolving term that encompasses various kinds of technologies and viewpoints, and has applications in various fields, such as education, healthcare, entertainment, the arts, and engineering.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Feb 2024
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