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Topic Review
Digital Image Correlation Methodology Evolution
Reliable assessment and prediction of the technical condition of reinforced concrete structures require accurate data of the stress–strain state of the structure at all stages of loading. The most appropriate technique to obtain such information is digital image correlation. Digital image correlation is a class of contactless methods which includes the following stages: obtaining an image from a studied physical object, saving it in digital form, and further analysis in order to obtain the necessary information about the stress–strain state of the structure. 
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
History of the Minimum Wage
The history of minimum wage is about the attempts and measures governments have made to introduce a standard amount of periodic pay below which employers could not compensate their workers.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Non-Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating
Fire-retardant coatings, common materials for fire protection of buildings, are widely used in the construction industry. Because they do not change the nature of the matrix, while greatly improving the ability of the matrix to resist flame propagation, they significantly reduce the fire hazard of buildings. Flame-retardant coatings are divided into NIFRC and IFRC , depending on whether the flame-retardant coating expands when heated. NIFRCs are generally composed of inorganic materials that can prevent the return of the heat and oxygen supply to the combustible matrix during the heating process of the polymer and, at the same time, prevent the transfer of combustible gas generated by the pyrolysis of the matrix to the flame, thus protecting the polymer matrix. According to the literature reports, NIFRCs for RPUF mainly include hydrogel/sol, aerogel, ceramic materials, etc.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
South American Gray Fox
The South American Gray Fox, scientifically known as Lycalopex griseus, is a captivating canid species native to South America. Renowned for its sleek gray fur and bushy tail, this fox inhabits a variety of habitats, from grasslands and scrublands to forests and urban areas. As an adaptable omnivore, the South American Gray Fox plays a crucial role in its ecosystem by regulating prey populations and participating in seed dispersal, contributing to the overall balance of its environment.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
S3 Savage
Savage was a product-line of PC graphics chipsets designed by S3.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Application in Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
The role of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy in managing various small-bowel pathologies is well-established. However, their broader application has been hampered mainly by their lengthy reading times. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing artificial intelligence (AI) in these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, driven by the prospect of overcoming some major limitations and enhancing healthcare efficiency, while maintaining high accuracy levels.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Co-Creation
Co-creation has gained traction in recent years and various fields, including marketing, product development, and innovation studies, as it leverages the collective expertise and insights of multiple parties to enhance outcomes. Broadly, co-creation refers to the collaborative process of involving stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, employees, or the public, in creating or improving products, services, or experiences.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
A Graphene-PEDOT
A graphene and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) modified conductive paper-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) aptasensor has been successfully fabricated by a simple and continuous coating process. A graphene/PEDOT:PSS modified paper electrode forms the nanocomposite providing a conductive and sensitive substrate for further aptamer functionalization of the biosensor. This low-cost paper-based aptasensor exhibits its sensitivity to carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) in standard buffer solutions and human serum samples in a linear range of 0.77–14 ng·mL−1. The limit of detection (LOD) is found to be 0.45 ng·mL−1 and 1.06 ng·mL−1 for CEA in both samples, separately. This aptamer-based sensing device was also evaluated and received a good correlation with the immunoassay detection method. The proposed paper-based aptasensor has demonstrated its potential as a rapid simple point-of-care analytical platform for early cancer diagnosis in less developed areas where manufacturing facilities, analytical instruments, and trained specialists are limited.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
3D Bioprinted Vascularized Tumour
An in vitro screening system for anti-cancer drugs cannot exactly reflect the efficacy of drugs in vivo, without mimicking the tumour microenvironment (TME), which comprises cancer cells interacting with blood vessels and fibroblasts. Additionally, the tumour size should be controlled to obtain reliable and quantitative drug responses. Herein, we report a bioprinting method for recapitulating the TME with a controllable spheroid size. The TME was constructed by printing a blood vessel layer consisting of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in , alginate, and fibrinogen, followed by seeding multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs) of glioblastoma cells (U87 MG) onto the blood vessel layer. Under MCTSs, sprouts of blood vessels were generated and surrounding MCTSs thereby increasing the spheroid size. The combined treatment involving the anti-cancer drug temozolomide (TMZ) and the angiogenic inhibitor sunitinib was more effective than TMZ alone for MCTSs surrounded by blood vessels, which indicates the feasibility of the TME for in vitro testing of drug efficacy. These results suggest that the bioprinted vascularized tumour is highly useful for understanding tumour biology, as well as for in vitro drug testing.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are a type of network composed of many small, isolated sensors that are distributed in a predetermined area and they communicate with each other via wireless links.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Phenylketonuria and Hereditary Tyrosinemia
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and fumarylacetoacetate hydroxylase (FAH) are two highly regulated liver enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting step in phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Mammalian PAH (phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase, E.C. 1.14.16.1) catalyzes the stereospecific hydroxylation of L-phenylalanine into L-tyrosine using tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), non-heme iron, and dioxygen as co-substrates in the cytosol of the liver and kidney. PAH facilitates oxidation of excess L-phenylalanine into carbon dioxide and water, and is the major enzyme degrading 75% of L-phenylalanine from the diet. PAH assembles as a homotetrameric protein, each subunit composed of N-terminal regulatory domain for allosteric activation by Phe, a central catalytic domain, and C-terminal helix responsible for tetramer formation.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Forest and Landscape Restoration
Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is considered worldwide as a powerful approach to recover ecological functionality and to improve human well-being in degraded and deforested landscapes.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Tectonic Archaeology
Tectonic Archaeology is conceived as an umbrella term for efforts to deal with evidence of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunami in the archaeological record and the consequences for society. It also can serve as a foundation for Geoarchaeology in general.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
DMAHDM Nanocomposite
Researchers have developed novel nanocomposites that incorporate additional biomaterials with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) in order to reduce secondary caries. The aim of this review was to summarize the current literature and assess the synergistic antibacterial and remineralizing effects that may contribute to the prevention of secondary caries. An electronic search was undertaken in MEDLINE using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane databases. 
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Peptide-Based Nanoparticles
Gene therapy offers the possibility to skip, repair, or silence faulty genes or to stimulate the immune system to fight against disease by delivering therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) to a patient. Compared to other drugs or protein treatments, NA-based therapies have the advantage of being a more universal approach to designing therapies because of the versatility of NA design. NAs (siRNA, pDNA, or mRNA) have great potential for therapeutic applications for an immense number of indications. However, the delivery of these exogenous NAs is still challenging and requires a specific delivery system. In this context, beside other non-viral vectors, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) gain more and more interest as delivery systems by forming a variety of nanocomplexes depending on the formulation conditions and the properties of the used CPPs/NAs.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Pathology
Tissue Biomarkers are information written in the tissue and used in Pathology to recognize specific subsets of patients with diagnostic, prognostic or predictive purposes, thus representing the key elements of Personalized Medicine. The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to further reinforce the role of Pathology in the scenario of Personalized Medicine: AI-based devices are expected to standardize the evaluation of tissue biomarkers and also to discover novel information, which would otherwise be ignored by human review, and use them to make specific predictions. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Claudins and Gastric Cancer
Despite recent improvements in diagnostic ability and treatment strategies, advanced gastric cancer (GC) has a high frequency of recurrence and metastasis, with poor prognosis. To improve the treatment results of GC, the search for new treatment targets from proteins related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell–cell adhesion is currently being conducted. EMT plays an important role in cancer metastasis and is initiated by the loss of cell–cell adhesion, such as tight junctions (TJs), adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Among these, claudins (CLDNs) are highly expressed in some cancers, including GC. Abnormal expression of CLDN1, CLDN2, CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN6, CLDN7, CLDN10, CLDN11, CLDN14, CLDN17, CLDN18, and CLDN23 have been reported. Among these, CLDN18 is of particular interest. In The Cancer Genome Atlas, GC was classified into four new molecular subtypes, and CLDN18–ARHGAP fusion was observed in the genomically stable type. An anti-CLDN18.2 antibody drug was recently developed as a therapeutic drug for GC, and the results of clinical trials are highly predictable. Thus, CLDNs are highly expressed in GC as TJs and are expected targets for new antibody drugs. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Iodine in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond
The main biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid gland. In addition, iodine is thought to represent one of the oldest antioxidants in living organisms. Moreover, iodine oxidation to hypoiodite (IO−) has been shown to possess strong bactericidal as well as antiviral and antifungal activity. Finally, and importantly, iodine has been demonstrated to exert antineoplastic effects in human cancer cell lines.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
General Aspects of Magnesium in the Human Body
Magnesium is one of the most prominent cations in the human body, with distribution of its concentrations in both extracellular and intracellular areas. Magnesium, in both complex and ionized form, has critical relevance in metabolic functions and homeostasis, serving as a moderator in enzymatic processes. A first important aspect is the role of magnesium in the activation of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy source for cells. Magnesium improves muscle function by competitively binding to calcium sites and ensuring muscle relaxation.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Work–life Interface
Work–life interface is the intersection of work and personal life. There are many aspects of one's personal life that can intersect with work including family, leisure, and health. Work–life interface is bidirectional; for instance, work can interfere with private life, and private life can interfere with work. This interface can be adverse in nature (e.g., work-life conflict) or can be beneficial (e.g., work-life enrichment) in nature. Recent research has shown that the work–life interface is becoming increasingly boundaryless, especially for technology-enabled workers.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Oct 2022
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