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Topic Review
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) is an expendable launch system program of the United States Air Force (USAF), intended to assure access to space for Department of Defense and other United States government payloads. The program, which began in the 1990s with the goal of making government space launches more affordable and reliable, resulted in the development of the Delta IV and Atlas V. Along with the newer Falcon 9, these launch systems are the primary methods for launching U.S. military satellites. The USAF plans to use the EELV family of launch vehicles until at least 2030. Follow-on technologies are being considered, one of which was the Reusable Booster System, discontinued in 2012.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Preparation of Cyrene
The bio-based solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) is a green and sustainable alternative to petroleum-based dipolar aprotic solvents. Cyrene can be prepared from cellulose in a simple two-step process and can be produced in a variety of yields. Cyrene is compatible with a large number of reactions in the chemical industry and can be applied in organic chemistry, biocatalysis, materials chemistry, graphene and lignin processing, etc. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery
Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Radiation Therapy
Tumor radioresistance is associated with a failure to achieve loco-regional disease control following radiotherapy with the highest acceptable doses. Radiobiology research focused on tumor radioresistance has pointed out several mechanisms attenuating the efficacy of tumor irradiation and several treatment answers to overcome such radio-resistance. Personalized medecine allows us to adapt the treatment to diseases according to patient specificities and characteristics. Novel radiotherapy such as heavy ion therapy enable a better balance between high doses to the tumor and low doses to the surrounding healthy tissues.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies
       An experimental and numerical investigation of the climatic conditions in a university area in Rome was achieved, along with evaluating the occurrence of the UHI phenomenon. A preliminary analysis of the UHI phenomenon was carried out and an average urban heat island index equal to 1.14 °C was identified, with a peak value equal to 5.9 °C. This preliminary assessment led to a more detailed investigation using a simulation code. A calibrated model was generated through the software ENVI-met and different mitigation strategies were tested, in order to reduce the overheating of the area. So, eight different scenarios were compared with the actual state, testing the effects of trees, cool pavements and lawn, as well as considering combinations among them.        The analysis of this case study and the performed simulations led to the conclusion that careful choices must be made during the design phase of an area, even when it comes to universities. More in general, objectives and priorities in the design phase should concern not only buildings but also external areas, but this conceptual paradigm needs to be also applied for university areas. Therefore, during the requalification of urban areas involving both buildings and outdoor areas, different skills must be combined and applied.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Viroids and Plants
Viroids are plant pathogenic, circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus of plant cells through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates, thus triggering the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. In plants, the two RNAi pillars are Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM), and the latter has the potential to trigger Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS). Over the last three decades, the employment of viroid-based systems has immensely contributed to our understanding of both of these RNAi facets.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) achieves sub-diffraction limited resolution by either deterministic or stochastic time-controlled emission of fluorescence from only a subset of fluorophores from the total fluorophore population in the specimen. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) allows for the visualization of individual fluorophores at the level of individual molecules based on the temporal separation of individual fluorescent molecules. This relatively simple principle allows for the detection at subsequent time intervals of a sparse subset of well-separated fluorophores and reconstruction of a final super-resolved image from the localization of the centers of the fluorophores.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Jul 2021
Topic Review
A Novel Innate Immune Regulatory Player: LncRNAs
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulators during antimicrobial responses in the host innate immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly tissue- and cell-specific- manner and are involved in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, as well as inflammatory and antiviral processes, through versatile molecular mechanisms. These lncRNAs function via the interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein in either cis or trans pattern, relying on their specific sequences or their transcriptions and processing. The dysregulation of lncRNA function is associated with various human non-infectious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA function in the development and differentiation of innate immune cells, and during the activation or repression of innate immune responses. These elucidations might be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and innate immune-mediated diseases.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sources of AMPs and Their Inhibitory Effects
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) can be divided into four major categories: those derived from mammals (human host defence peptides), amphibians and fish, microorganisms, and insects. The AMPs found in oceans have also attracted widespread attention.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Traffic Object Tracking Based on Satellite Videos
Object tracking is a hot topic in computer vision and remote sensing, and it typically employs a bounding box that locks onto the region of interest (ROI) when only an initial state of the target (in a video frame) is available. Thanks to the development of satellite imaging technology, various satellites with advanced onboard cameras have been launched to obtain very high resolution (VHR) satellite videos for military and civilian applications. Compared to traditional target tracking methods, satellite video target tracking is more efficient in motion analysis and object surveillance, and has shown great potential applications in spying on enemies, monitoring and protecting sea ice, fighting wildfires, and monitoring city trafficking, which traditional target tracking cannot even approach. The satellite video based traffic object tracking methods are reviewed under two headings, which are online tracking methods and offline tracking methods. Furthermore, the online tracking methods are grouped into four broad types: correlation filter (CF)-based, tracking-by-detection (TBD), deep learning (DL)-based, and optical flow-based methods. Finally, discussions on reviewed traffic tracking methods are delivered.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Federated Learning of XAI Models in 6G Systems
The federated learning (FL) of neural networks has been widely investigated exploiting variants of stochastic gradient descent as the optimization method, it has not yet been adequately studied in the context of inherently explainable models. On the one side, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) permits improving user experience of the offered communication services by helping end users trust (by design) that in-network AI functionality issues appropriate action recommendations. On the other side, FL ensures security and privacy of both vehicular and user data across the whole system.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Amazing Meeting
The Amazing Meeting (TAM), stylized as The Amaz!ng Meeting, was an annual conference that focused on science, skepticism, and critical thinking. The conference started in 2003 and was sponsored by the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Perennial speakers included Penn & Teller, Phil Plait, Michael Shermer and James "The Amazing" Randi. Speakers at the four-day conference were selected from a variety of disciplines including scientific educators, magicians, and community activists. Outside the plenary sessions the conference included workshops, additional panel discussions, music and magic performances and live taping of podcasts including The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe. The final Amazing Meeting was held in July 2015.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Speech-Language Pathology
Speech-language pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or a speech and language therapist, both of whom may be known by the shortened description, speech therapist. SLP is considered a "related health profession" or "allied health profession" along with audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, rehabilitation psychology, physical therapy, behavior analysis and others. SLPs specialize in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of communication disorders (speech disorders and language disorders), cognitive-communication disorders, voice disorders, and swallowing disorders. SLPs also play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (often in a team with pediatricians and psychologists).
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Accessible Higher-Education: A Framework for Continuous Improvement
The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) forced educational institutions to move their programs to the virtual world, revealing needs such as the lack of accessibility of online resources and content. In this context, the Erasmus+ project "Technological Assistance to Accessibility in Virtual Higher Education (EduTech)”, proposed tools and knowledge focused on improving accessibility in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). In this article, a framework that integrates all the findings of the EduTech project is presented. The proposed framework is aimed at facilitating the adoption of good practices related to technological accessibility in HEI. The framework considers the limitations and needs of the institutions in terms of governance and resources for improving accessibility. The framework was adopted by four Latin American HEIs to establish a continuous improvement strategy according to their needs and current level of accessibility focus. This research also shows the results and suggests that the proposal is adaptable to the needs of HEIs, allowing its implementation regardless of their organizational structure and their current level of attention to accessibility.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Melatonin in Pregnancy
Melatonin is a lipophilic hormone synthesized and secreted mainly in the pineal gland, acting as a neuroendocrine transducer of photoperiodic information during the night. In addition to this activity, melatonin has shown an antioxidant function and a key role as a regulator of physiological processes related to human reproduction. Several studies have evaluated its role in ovarian dysfunction, ovarian ageing, embryo maturation and gynecological cancer. 
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis for Light Olefins
Light olefins as one the most important building blocks in chemical industry can be produced via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) from syngas. FT synthesis conducted at high temperature would lead to light paraffins, carbon dioxide, methane, and C5+ longer chain hydrocarbons. The present work focuses on providing a critical review on the light olefin production using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Purchase
Cause-related marketing (CRM) is the process of formulating and implementing marketing activities in which one firm commits to donate a specific amount to a non-profit organization (NPO) or social cause when customers purchase their products .  The key to successful CRM is the consumer purchasing the cause-related product, and experimental methodology was adopted mostly during this process. Therefore, this entry systematically reviewed the CRM literature that measured consumers’ purchase intentions using the experimental methodology. A systematic literature research was undertaken examining five databases and 68 qualified articles were identified. The results showed that CRM in most qualified studies is manipulated as a tactical marketing program and the products are mainly low-cost and low involvement. Moreover, the CRM is more effective than the ordinary marketing or sales promotion strategy, such as discount and coupons. Furthermore, the specific characteristics of the CRM program (e.g., donation amount, cause type, message framing) have shown positive outcomes but mixed effects are persistent. Recommendations for implementing CRM programs and for future research were discussed. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mouse Models in PWS Research
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic multifactorial disorder caused by the deletion or inactivation of paternally imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11-q13. The affected homologous locus is on mouse chromosome 7C. The positional conservation and organization of genes including the imprinting pattern between mice and men implies similar physiological functions of this locus. Therefore, considerable efforts to recreate the pathogenesis of PWS have been accomplished in mouse models. We provide a summary of different mouse models that were generated for the analysis of PWS and discuss their impact on our current understanding of corresponding genes, their putative functions and the pathogenesis of PWS. Murine models of PWS unveiled the contribution of each affected gene to this multi-facetted disease, and also enabled the establishment of the minimal critical genomic region (PWScr) responsible for core symptoms, highlighting the importance of non-protein coding genes in the PWS locus. Although the underlying disease-causing mechanisms of PWS remain widely unresolved and existing mouse models do not fully capture the entire spectrum of the human PWS disorder, continuous improvements of genetically engineered mouse models have proven to be very powerful and valuable tools in PWS research.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bioplastics in the Circular Economy
The European Union is working towards the 2050 net-zero emissions goal and tackling the ever-growing environmental and sustainability crisis by implementing the European Green Deal. The shift towards a more sustainable society is intertwined with the production, use, and disposal of plastic in the European economy. Emissions generated by plastic production, plastic waste, littering and leakage in nature, insufficient recycling, are some of the issues addressed by the European Commission. Adoption of bioplastics–plastics that are biodegradable, bio-based, or both–is under assessment as one way to decouple society from the use of fossil resources, and to mitigate specific environmental risks related to plastic waste. 
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Murciano-Granadina Goats
Murciano-Granadina goat is one of the oldest and most representative livestock breeds of Spain. There are some references to its existence dating back to the fifteenth century, especially with respect to the Granadina population (Rodero et al. 1992). The first modern reference to the breed is dated in 1893 (Aragó 1893) but it considered Murciana and Granadina, whose names derivate from the Spanish provinces in which they were raised, as two separate breeds, a situation that was maintained until the first official recognition of the Spanish breeds in 1933. According to Aparicio (1947) both Murciana and Granadina breeds are modern evolutions of the European Capra aegagrus goat branch, so that they are very close to each other from an evolutionary point of view, but still they hold important genetic differences as it has been highlighted by the tests carried out with molecular markers by Martínez et al. (2010), differences which could support  their recognition as independent breeds. Anyway, the integration of these two original breeds into a single racial entity was strictly an administrative decision took in the seventies during the past century. In those years, the Spanish government decided to follow the international recommendation to fusion close breeds in order to obtain higher census that permitted to extend the intensity of selection and the consequent bigger genetic progress. Today this decision is severely criticized because it meant the erosion of the Granadina population, leading it near extinction, in spite of remarking the important adaptive capacity of this population to the altitude (more than 2500 m) and the heat and hydric stress. Presently, the new extensification of management systems and the effects of climatic change make the Granadina genotypes very demanded, which show the best performances under hard conditions.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Sep 2021
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