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Topic Review
Siddharameshwar
Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj (1888–1936) was a guru in the Inchagiri Sampradaya founded by his guru Bhausaheb Maharaj, a branch of the Navnath Sampradaya, the 'Nine Masters' tradition in India. His disciples included Nath teachers Nisargadatta Maharaj, Ranjit Maharaj, Kaadsiddheshwar, and Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Thyroid Hormone Signaling
Thyroid hormones (TH) perform a plethora of actions in numerous tissues and induce an overall increase in metabolism, with an augmentation in energy demand and oxygen expenditure. Oxidants are required for normal thyroid-cell proliferation, as well as for the synthesis of the main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antimetabolite Drug
Methotrexate (4-{N-[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl) methyl]-N-methylamino} benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, MTX) is an antimetabolite drug. It is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and some sorts of leukemia. MTX is a relatively well-known molecule and is a first-line antirheumatic medication because of its efficacy and safety. It decreases the concentration of tetrahydrofolate (THF) in the cells by the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme, therefore it reduces the purine nucleotide and DNA synthesis.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Interaction of Water and Solutes
Water plays an important role in chemical and biological processes. The interaction of water and solutes is of great significance for understanding the properties of aqueous solutions or bio-systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Replicative Senescence in Different Types of Stem Cells
Stem cells serve as a source of cellular material in embryogenesis and postnatal growth and regeneration. This requires significant proliferative potential ensured by sufficient telomere length. Telomere attrition in the stem cells and their niche cells can result in the exhaustion of the regenerative potential of high-turnover organs, causing or contributing to the onset of age-related diseases. Telomerase activity is present in most types of adult stem cells, though at substantially lower levels. Such lower levels are sufficient for slowing down telomere shortening and expanding the replicative lifespan  but cannot prevent replicative senescence. In this case, low telomerase expression may provide protection against the malignant transformation of stem cells.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Merchants of Doubt
Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming is a 2010 non-fiction book by American historians of science Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway. It identifies parallels between the global warming controversy and earlier controversies over tobacco smoking, acid rain, DDT, and the hole in the ozone layer. Oreskes and Conway write that in each case "keeping the controversy alive" by spreading doubt and confusion after a scientific consensus had been reached was the basic strategy of those opposing action. In particular, they show that Fred Seitz, Fred Singer, and a few other contrarian scientists joined forces with conservative think tanks and private corporations to challenge the scientific consensus on many contemporary issues. Some of the book's subjects have been critical of the book, but most reviewers received it favorably. One reviewer said that Merchants of Doubt is exhaustively researched and documented, and may be one of the most important books of 2010. Another reviewer saw the book as his choice for best science book of the year. It was made into a film, Merchants of Doubt, directed by Robert Kenner, released in 2014.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eye Movement Events
Eye tracking is the process of tracking the movement of the eyes to know exactly where and for how long a person is looking. Classifying raw eye-tracker data into eye movement events reduces the complexity of eye movement analysis.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dairy Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Separation Technology
Water pollution caused by population growth and human activities is a critical problem exacerbated by limited freshwater resources and increasing water demands. Various sectors contribute to water pollution, with the dairy industry being a significant contributor due to the high concentrations of harmful contaminants in dairy wastewater. Traditional treatment methods have been employed, but they have limitations in terms of effectiveness, cost, and environmental impact. Membrane separation technology (MST) has emerged as a promising alternative for treating dairy wastewater. Membrane processes offer efficient separation, concentration, and purification of dairy wastewater, with benefits such as reduced process steps, minimal impact on product quality, operational flexibility, and lower energy consumption. However, membrane fouling and concentration polarization present major challenges associated with this technique. Therefore, strategies have been implemented to mitigate these phenomena, including pre-treatment prior to MST, coagulation, and adsorption. 3D printing technology has gained prominence as one of the latest and most notable advancements for addressing these issues.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Drivers and Barriers of Green Ports
Ports play an increasingly significant role in fostering regional economic growth and international trade as a key hub of the transportation network. Ports now provide cities, regions, and nations with a vital strategic resource for taking part in global economic cooperation and competitiveness, in addition to providing space for transportation, logistics, and a way to connect with the outside world. Green ports are presented as an achievable solution to the energy issue and environmental degradation. A green port is a port that not only satisfies environmental criteria but also provides economic benefits. Green ports are an excellent strategy to reduce environmental pollution and ecological harm, as well as to maintain the ports’ water resources and natural environment.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glutamate Receptor in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a complex biological process that initiates when glutamate receptors are activated, leading to damage in dendrites and eventually causing cell death.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lupus
Lupus, the Latin word for "wolf," is a constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere. Representing a wolf, it was one of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy, and is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Viral Equine Encephalitis
Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Peptidyl Fluoromethyl Ketones
Peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones occupy a pivotal role in the current scenario of synthetic chemistry, thanks to their numerous applications as inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. The insertion of one or more fluorine atoms adjacent to a C-terminal ketone moiety greatly modifies the physicochemical properties of the overall substrate, especially by increasing the reactivity of this functionalized carbonyl group toward nucleophiles.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Forecasting Plant and Crop Disease
Every year, plant diseases cause a significant loss of valuable food crops around the world. The plant and crop disease management practice implemented in order to mitigate damages have changed considerably. Today, through the application of new information and communication technologies, it is possible to predict the onset or change in the severity of diseases using modern big data analysis techniques. In this paper, we present an analysis and classification of research studies conducted over the past decade that forecast the onset of disease at a pre-symptomatic stage (i.e., symptoms not visible to the naked eye) or at an early stage. We examine the specific approaches and methods adopted, pre-processing techniques and data used, performance metrics, and expected results, highlighting the issues encountered. The results of the study reveal that this practice is still in its infancy and that many barriers need to be overcome.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Complexity of Needs Model (DEA)
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a powerful non-parametric engineering tool for estimating technical efficiency and the production capacity of service units. The Complex-of-Needs Allocation Model proposed by Nepomuceno et al. (2020) is a two-step methodology for prioritizing hospital bed vacancy and reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The framework determines the production capacity of hospitals through Data Envelopment Analysis and incorporates the Complexity of Needs in two categories for the reallocation of beds throughout the medical specialties. As a result, we have a set of inefficient health-care units presenting less complex bed slacks to be reduced, i.e. to be allocated for patients presenting more severe conditions.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ludwigia decurrens Walter
Ludwigia decurrens Walter is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family Onagraceae. It is native to Central Eastern USA but has been spreading quickly and has naturalized in aquatic and riparian ecosystems (including rice paddy fields) in many countries; therefore, it is now considered an invasive noxious weed. L. decurrens is highly competitive with rice and causes a significant reduction in rice production. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide penoxsulam for the control of L. decurrens in rice fields. The seeds of L. decurrens were collected from four villages in Indonesia, and penoxsulam was applied to L. decurrens in seven dosages (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g a.i. /ha) 3 weeks after seed sowing. The plant populations from Hegarmanah, Jatisari, and Joho showed complete mortality at the recommended dosage of penoxsulam (10 g a.i. /ha). However, the plants from Demakan grew, flowered, and produced seeds 56 days after treatment with 40 g a.i. /ha of penoxsulam. The resistance index value of the population was 36.06. 
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine
Graphene and graphene nanoribbons hold the promise for improving existing contrast agents as well as drug delivery and biosensing. The entry “Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine” to Encyclopedia is dedicated to applications of graphene and graphene nanoribbons in biomedicine.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Endothelial function is largely based on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function and activity. Likewise, oxidative stress can lead to the loss of eNOS activity or even “uncoupling” of the enzyme by adverse regulation of well-defined “redox switches” in eNOS itself or up-/down-stream signaling molecules. 
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Batteries-Energy Storage
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are a good energy storage solution for plug-in electric vehicles. However, the performance and health of these batteries is highly dependent on the use case, including operating temperature, power consumption profile, and control strategy (heavy forced alternating charge–discharge modes) imposed by the battery management system.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Cell Infiltration into the Brain in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, defined by its highly aggressive nature. Despite the advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, and the development of novel therapies in the last decade, the prognosis for glioblastoma is still extremely poor. One major factor for the failure of existing therapeutic approaches is the highly invasive nature of glioblastomas. The extreme infiltrating capacity of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma makes complete surgical removal difficult; glioblastomas almost inevitably recur in a more therapy-resistant state, sometimes at distant sites in the brain. Therefore, there are major efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning glioblastoma invasion; however, there is no approved therapy directed against the invasive phenotype as of now.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Feb 2022
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