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Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum's Applications in Mitochondrial Proteins
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and targeted to the mitochondrial surface in a post-translational manner. The surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an active role in this targeting reaction. ER-associated chaperones interact with certain mitochondrial membrane protein precursors and transfer them onto receptor proteins of the mitochondrial surface in a process termed ER-SURF.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Internet of Things on Inventory Management
The advancement of Industry 4.0 technologies has affected every aspect of supply chains. Enterprises have tried to create more value for their businesses by tapping into these new technologies. Warehouses have been one of the most critical sections in a supply chain affected by Industry 4.0 technologies.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cobalamin-Dependent Metabolism and Its Implication in Solid Cancers
Cobalamin or vitamin B12 (B12) is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, two enzymes implicated in key pathways for cell proliferation: methylation, purine synthesis, succinylation and ATP production. Ensuring these functions in cancer cells therefore requires important cobalamin needs and its uptake through the transcobalamin II receptor (TCII-R). 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against Mycobacteria
The emergence of drug-resistant mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), poses an increasing global threat that urgently demands the development of new potent anti-mycobacterial drugs. One of the approaches toward the identification of new drugs is fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), which is the most ingenious among other drug discovery models, such as structure-based drug design (SBDD) and high-throughput screening. Specialized techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and many others, are part of the drug discovery approach to combat the Mtb and NTM global menaces.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Glutathione System in Pathogenic Fungi
The glutathione system has been recognized as one of the most important intracellular antioxidant systems; however, the contribution of this system in pathogenesis has been neglected, especially in human fungal pathogens. 
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Water Intoxication
Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, hyperhydration, overhydration, or water toxemia, is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive water intake. Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Nearly all deaths related to water intoxication in normal individuals have resulted either from water-drinking contests, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed. In addition, water cure, a method of torture in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication. Water, just like any other substance, can be considered a poison when over-consumed in a brief period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity without adequate electrolyte intake. Excess of body water may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see "hyponatremia" for some examples. Water is considered one of the least toxic chemical compounds, with an LD50 of over 150 ml/kg in rats.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Emergence of Organoids in Cellular Systems
Cellular models have created opportunities to explore the characteristics of human diseases through well-established protocols, while avoiding the ethical restrictions associated with post-mortem studies and the costs associated with researching animal models. Organoids are 3D cellular structures that mimic the architecture and function of native tissues. They are generated in vitro from stem cells or differentiated cells, such as epithelial or neural cells, and are used to study organ development, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Organoids have become a powerful tool for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying human physiology, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of cancer, metabolic diseases, and brain disorders. 
  • 1.7K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Forces and Kinematic Indicators of Kicks
In the realm of fighting activities, such as martial arts, combat sports, and close combat, participants dedicate themselves to enhancing their strength and speed and refining their techniques to overcome opponents or break solid targets. Biomechanical tools have proven instrumental in investigating and improving the techniques employed in these sports and combat activities, with researchers utilizing dynamic and kinematic indicators for thorough analyses.
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Polyphenolic-Food on Longevity
Aging and, particularly, the onset of age-related diseases are associated with tissue dysfunction and macromolecular damage, some of which can be attributed to accumulation of oxidative damage. Recently, growing interest has emerged on the beneficial effects of plant-based diets for the prevention of chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Several studies collectively suggests that the intake of polyphenols and their major food sources may exert beneficial effects on improving insulin resistance and related diabetes risk factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. They are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet, and their intake has been associated with a reduced aging in humans. Polyphenolic intake has been shown to be effective at ameliorating several age-related phenotypes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
AI and Robotics Future of Technology and Society
AI and Robotics are at the forefront of technological innovation, transforming industries and reshaping the way we live and work. These cutting-edge technologies hold immense potential to revolutionize various aspects of society, from healthcare to manufacturing. This article delves into the dynamic landscape of AI and Robotics, exploring their current applications, recent advancements, ethical challenges, and future implications. By examining the intersection of artificial intelligence and robotics, we aim to uncover how these technologies are shaping the future of technology and society. This article explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, tracing their historical evolution, current applications, and future implications. AI and robotics are reshaping industries, from healthcare and manufacturing to logistics and defense, bringing unprecedented efficiency and precision. However, these advancements also raise significant ethical and societal questions, including job displacement, regulatory gaps, and safety challenges. As we progress toward increased automation and intelligent robotics, this article examines the evolving role of AI, the challenges of integrating autonomous systems, and the future of human-robot collaboration. By addressing the technical, ethical, and social impacts of these technologies, the discussion highlights the critical balance required to leverage AI and robotics responsibly.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Apr 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Workplace Deviance: A Non-Western Perspective
Deviance is defined as actions that are opposed to generally accepted norms or violate acceptable behaviours within a society. Much of the deviant literature emphasises how the divergence from acceptable standards or behaviour is deviant. However, this begs the question: what happens when an acceptable norm is unethical or ought to be? In response, this entry calls into question the work-chop phenomenon in Nigeria. The work-chop phenomenon supports using dishonest means for personal gain. It is promoted via a repetitive statement that appeals to the listeners’ cognition and sentiments. Its prevalence makes it a norm in some sense, so defining deviance from a Western perspective alone leaves room for this nuanced phenomenon to go unnoticed in the literature. Based on secondary research and normative ethical theories, the authors argue that work-chop is ethical deviance because its means and ends are not mutually beneficial to the parties involved.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Peach Tree Canopy Architecture
Peach tree canopy architecture is manipulated by producers via pruning, training and rootstock selection to achieve various goals. An ideal peach training system maintains optimal levels of light interception, uniform light distribution and facilitates high yields of high-quality fruit. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Economic Feasibility: Photovoltaic Energy Investments
The introduction of environmental impact targets around the world has highlighted the need to adopt alternative sources of energy, which can supply the demand and mitigate the damage caused to the environment. Solar energy is one of the main sources of alternative energy, and it is considered an abundant source of clean energy. However, to facilitate and encourage investors interested in the installation of photovoltaic energy systems for electricity production, it is essential to evaluate the factors that impact the economic viability of the projects.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Corneal Infection Models: Bacterial Keratitis
Corneal infection models are tools which can be used to study host-pathogen interactions at the corneal surface. They are highly valuable in the study of bacterial keratitis, a potentially sight-threatening eye infection, localised to the cornea. During bacterial keratitis, bacteria colonise the cornea as biofilm populations which demonstrate an increased resistance to antibiotics and the host immune response. Therefore the presence or absence of biofilm is an important consideration in model development. Corneal infection models include: in vitro models (which use cell culture techniques to generate 3D corneal constructs), ex vivo models (which use whole, excised corneas) and in vivo models (which use live animals).
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Aggregation-Induced Emission Properties in Polymers
Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) is a phenomenon that consists of the appearance of fluorescence in solid state or aggregation greater than that of molecules in solution and has recently attracted the attention of the scientific community because of their potential applications in different fields. Compared to small molecules, little attention has been paid to polymers and oligomers that exhibit AIE, despite having excellent properties such as high emission efficiency in aggregate and solid states, signal amplification effect, good processability and the availability of multiple functionalization sites. In addition to these features, if the molecular structure is fully conjugated, intramolecular electronic interactions between the composing chromophores may appear, thus giving rise to a wealth of new photophysical properties. In this review, we focus on selected fully conjugated oligomers, dendrimers and polymers, and briefly summarize their synthetic routes, fluorescence properties and potential applications. An exhaustive comparison between spectroscopic results in solution and aggregates or in solid state has been collected in almost all examples, and an opinion on the future direction of the field is briefly stated.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Monarda Species
The genus Monarda (family Lamiaceae) contains 22 species of which three are native to southern Alabama, M. citriodora, M. fistulosa, and M. punctata. Several species of Monarda have been used in traditional medicines of Native Americans, and this present study is part of an ongoing project to add to our understanding of Native American pharmacopeia.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Green Wave
The concept of a Green Wave, i.e., the coordinated switching of traffic lights in order to favor a single direction and reduce congestion, is often discussed as a simple mechanism to avoid breaking and accelerating, thereby reducing fuel consumption. On the other hand, making car use more attractive might also increase emissions.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Serious Games and Mathematics
The possibilities that serious games offer have been an area of ​​increasing interest in recent years in the field of education. Unlike video games, which are created for entertainment purposes, serious games focus on the educational aspect in one of the possible developments that this type of software is capable of offering. The serious games recover characteristic elements of the free time of the students and take them to the classroom, generating an experience that favors learning.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Injuries in Wheelchair Basketball Players
Wheelchair basketball (WB) is a Paralympic sport played by two teams of five players each, comprising players with physical impairments who can be allocated to eight different classes (1.0–4.5). The game proceeds at a fast pace, in which, the teams seek to score points in the opponent’s basket. This modality is popular worldwide and has been present in all editions of the Paralympic Games. Due to being a contact sport and due to the sport’s mechanics, in which, frequent shoulder movements are performed (throwing, passing, chair touching), it is expected that this practice contributes to sports injuries.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Vehicle Routing Problem and Its Variants
The VRP solution revolves around finding a route plan, that is, a set of routes associated with a fleet of vehicles, which implies low costs associated with time, fuel, total distance traveled, and labor charges. 
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2023
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