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Topic Review
Artemisia-AgNPs Applicaton in cancer nanomedicine
The fight against cancer is one of the main challenges for medical research. Recently, nanotechnology has made significant progress, providing possibilities for developing innovative nanomaterials to overcome the common limitations of current therapies. In this context, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent a promising nano-tool able to offer interesting applications for cancer research. Following this path, we combined the silver proprieties with Artemisia arborescens characteristics, producing novel nanoparticles called Artemisia–AgNPs. A “green” synthesis method was performed to produce Artemisia–AgNPs, using Artemisia arborescens extracts. Several biological assays were performed to evaluate the Artemisia–AgNPs anti-cancer properties. 
  • 871
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) for Anticancer Drug Design
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are oxidative enzymes that catalyze the conversion of biogenic amines into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones through oxidative deamination. Owing to the crucial role of MAOs in maintaining functional levels of neurotransmitters, the implications of its distorted activity have been associated with numerous neurological diseases. Recently, an unanticipated role of MAOs in tumor progression and metastasis has been reported.
  • 871
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Cancer
Autophagy is a well-known intracellular elimination process, which provides degradation of damaged and dysfunctional organelles and proteins under highly-stressed conditions. This term came from the Greek word which represents ‘self-eating’. 
  • 871
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Cancer
Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), have dramatically altered the treatment landscape for many solid and hematologic malignancies. Ongoing research continues to investigate ways to harness the immune system to treat cancer and broaden the indications for currently available therapies. Although immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies, they have unique toxicity profiles based on their mode of action. Despite this, such innovative therapies can potentially increase already-in-use therapies’ effectiveness.
  • 871
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Management in Pre-Cancer
Chronic viral hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been widely acknowledged to be the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As anti-viral treatment progresses, the impact of NAFLD is increasing. NAFLD can coexist with chronic viral hepatitis and exacerbate its progression. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a chronic liver disease progression-related and cancer-initiating stress response. However, there are still many unresolved issues concerning oxidative stress, such as the correlation between the natural history of the disease and promising treatment protocols. Recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also an anti-cancer response that is necessary to kill cancer cells. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be down regulated in the pre-cancerous stage in patients with risk factors for cancer, while it is an anti-cancer cell response that should not be down regulated in the post-cancerous stage, especially in patients using anti-cancer agents. Antioxidant nutrients should be administered carefully according to the patients’ disease status.
  • 870
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Alliance AMBUSH Trial
Medulloblastoma, the most common embryonal tumor in children, can also arise in older patients. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is altered in a significant proportion of older patients with medulloblastoma. The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology cooperative group is developing the AMBUSH trial: Comprehensive Management of Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) and Adult Patients with Medulloblastoma or Pineal Embryonal Tumors With A Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Focusing on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in SHH Subgroup Patients (Adult & Adolescent MedulloBlastoma Using Sonic Hedgehog Trial). The trial gives treatment directions for all patients and randomizes patients with average risk SHH-activated medulloblastoma to maintenance sonidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, or placebo.
  • 870
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Immunotherapy
The era of personalized cancer therapy is here. Advances in the field of immunotherapy have paved the way for the development of individualized neoantigen-based therapies that can translate into favorable treatment outcomes and fewer side effects for patients.
  • 870
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
EGFR in Cancer
EGFR is one of the most successful pharmacological targets of anti-cancer drugs . Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and TKIs demonstrated efficacy and acceptable toxicity in large phase III clinical trials , hence were approved for treatment of lung, colorectal and head/neck cancer (see a list of anti-EGFR and anti-HER2 approved drugs in Table 1). However, despite major therapeutic advances, both primary and acquired resistance to these drugs occur and result in disease recurrence.
  • 869
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targets of KRAS in Colorectal Cancer
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have a 5-year overall survival of less than 10%. Approximately 45% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer harbor KRAS mutations. These mutations not only carry a predictive role for the absence of response to anti-EGFR therapy, but also have a negative prognostic impact on the overall survival.
  • 869
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and concretely the blockade of the PD1/PDL1 axis, has opened up a new standard of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • 869
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are recombinant antigen receptors located on T lymphocytes or other immune cells that redirect their specificity and functions.
  • 868
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Therapies in Modulating DNA Damage Repair Pathways
Epigenetic therapies describe drug molecules such as DNA methyltransferase, histone methyltransferase and histone acetylase/deacetylase inhibitors, which target epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Many DNA damage response (DDR) genes are epigenetically regulated in cancer leading to transcriptional silencing and the loss of DNA repair capacity. Epigenetic marks at DDR genes, such as DNA methylation at gene promoters, have the potential to be used as stratification biomarkers, identifying which patients may benefit from particular chemotherapy treatments.
  • 868
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Elderly Patients Suffering from Hodgkin Lymphoma
Elderly patients make up a significant number of cases of newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. However, unlike in young patients, the outcomes of elderly patients are poor, and they are under-represented in phase III trials. Prior to treatment initiation, geriatric assessment should ideally be performed to address the patient’s fitness and decide whether to pursue a curative or palliative approach. The ABVD regimen is poorly tolerated in unfit patients, with high treatment-related mortality. Alternative chemotherapy approaches have been explored, with mixed results obtained concerning their feasibility and toxicity in phase II trials. The introduction of brentuximab vedotin-based regimens led to a paradigm shift in first- and further-line treatment of elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients, providing adequate disease control within a broader patient population. As far as checkpoint inhibitors are concerned, researchers are only just beginning to understand the role in the treatment of this population. In relapsed/refractory settings there are few options, ranging from autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients to pembrolizumab, but unfortunately, palliative care is the most common modality. Importantly, published studies are frequently burdened with numerous biases (such as low numbers of patients, selection bias and lack of geriatric assessment), leading to low level of evidence.
  • 868
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Small RNA Landscape in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the second most diagnosed type of malignancy and the first cause of cancer death worldwide. The treatment of choice for NSCLC patients remains to be chemotherapy, often showing very limited effectiveness with the frequent occurrence of drug-resistant phenotype and the lack of selectivity for tumor cells. Therefore, new effective and targeted therapeutics are needed. Short RNA-based therapeutics, including Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs), microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering (siRNA) and aptamers, represent a promising class of molecules.
  • 868
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking and the Immune System
Tobacco is a known risk factor for lung cancer, and continued tobacco use is associated with poorer outcomes across multiple lung cancer treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Less is known about the association of tobacco use and outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are becoming an important part of the treatment landscape in lung cancer, both in metastatic and curative settings.
  • 868
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) originates from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract. Most GISTs arise due to mutations of KIT and PDGFRA gene activation, encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). The clinical use of the RTK inhibitor imatinib has significantly improved the management of GIST patients; however, imatinib resistance remains a challenge. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical survival pathway for cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and translation in neoplasms. Constitutive autophosphorylation of RTKs has an impact on the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling inhibition has been considered as a promising targeted therapy strategy for GISTs. Various inhibitory drugs targeting different parts of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are currently being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. This review highlights the progress for PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent mechanisms in GISTs, and explores the relationship between mTOR downstream signals, in particular, eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and the development of GISTs, which may be instrumental for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
  • 867
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 Hydroxyderivatives in Human
itamin D3 (D3) is produced in the skin in two steps. Initially there is a photochemical reaction caused by the action of UVB radiation (290–315 nm) on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in which the B ring is broken producing pre-vitamin D3. In the second reaction, vitamin D3 is formed from pre-vitamin D3 by its thermal isomerization at 37 °C over several hours. Both the UVB intensity and the level of skin pigmentation affect the rate of vitamin D3 production. Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble prohormonal secosteroid that has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions. Melanin absorbs UVB limiting the production of D3, and the same effect is achieved with clothing and sunscreen. Skin, more specifically the epidermis, has the full capacity to produce and activate vitamin D3.
  • 867
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
External Beam Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
The standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with simultaneous chemotherapy followed by an internal radiation boost. New imaging methods such as positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been implemented into daily practice for better tumor delineation in radiotherapy planning. The method of delivering radiation has changed with technical advances in qualitative imaging and treatment delivery. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) plays an important role in minimizing treatment toxicity of pelvic radiation and provides a superior conformality for sparing the organs at risk (OARs) such as bone marrow, bowel, rectum, and bladder. 
  • 867
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TRIM Proteins
The TRIpartite Motifs (TRIM) protein family is composed of more than 70 known TRIM proteins in humans and mice, which are encoded by approximately 71 genes in humans.
  • 866
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy which requires radiotherapy (RT) as an important part of its multimodality treatment. With the advent of the novel irradiation technique, the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients who receive RT has been dramatically improved. The emergence of proton therapy, which allows for a sharper dose of build-up and drop-off compared to photon therapy, has potentially improved clinical outcomes of NSCLC. Dosimetry studies have indicated that proton therapy can significantly reduce the doses for normal organs, especially the lung, heart, and esophagus while maintaining similar robust target volume coverage in both early and advanced NSCLC compared with photon therapy.
  • 866
  • 17 Sep 2021
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