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Topic Review
Cancer and Immunotherapy
The era of personalized cancer therapy is here. Advances in the field of immunotherapy have paved the way for the development of individualized neoantigen-based therapies that can translate into favorable treatment outcomes and fewer side effects for patients.
  • 861
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Transport Proteins in Cancer
The membrane transport and channel proteins are highly relevant for the use of pharmacological ascorbate in cancer therapy and are involved in the transfer of active substances such as ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, and iron that predominantly must enter malignant cells to induce antiproliferative effects and especially ferroptosis.
  • 861
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Artemisia-AgNPs Applicaton in cancer nanomedicine
The fight against cancer is one of the main challenges for medical research. Recently, nanotechnology has made significant progress, providing possibilities for developing innovative nanomaterials to overcome the common limitations of current therapies. In this context, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent a promising nano-tool able to offer interesting applications for cancer research. Following this path, we combined the silver proprieties with Artemisia arborescens characteristics, producing novel nanoparticles called Artemisia–AgNPs. A “green” synthesis method was performed to produce Artemisia–AgNPs, using Artemisia arborescens extracts. Several biological assays were performed to evaluate the Artemisia–AgNPs anti-cancer properties. 
  • 860
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy which requires radiotherapy (RT) as an important part of its multimodality treatment. With the advent of the novel irradiation technique, the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients who receive RT has been dramatically improved. The emergence of proton therapy, which allows for a sharper dose of build-up and drop-off compared to photon therapy, has potentially improved clinical outcomes of NSCLC. Dosimetry studies have indicated that proton therapy can significantly reduce the doses for normal organs, especially the lung, heart, and esophagus while maintaining similar robust target volume coverage in both early and advanced NSCLC compared with photon therapy.
  • 860
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chemokines in the Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy
“Hot” tumors are those that show signs of inflammation, meaning they have been invaded by effector T cells rushing to fight the cancerous cells. Evidence suggests that the limited success of ICI-based immunotherapies is related to attempts to treat patients with “cold tumors” that either do not contain effector T cells or in which these cells are markedly suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Chemokines are a well-defined group of proteins with chemotactic properties. We focus on key chemokines that not only attract leukocytes to tumor sites but also shape their biological properties. We propose using stabilized forms of two of them: CXL9 and CXCL10, to enhance anti-tumor immunity and possibly transform cold tumors into hot ones. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of targeting or deleting a key subset of Tregs that are CCR8+ Tregs and are highly dominant at the tumor site of several cold tumors. This may convert these cold tumors into hot tumors, and thus extend the success of immunotherapy beyond its current limits. 
  • 860
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Cancer
Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), have dramatically altered the treatment landscape for many solid and hematologic malignancies. Ongoing research continues to investigate ways to harness the immune system to treat cancer and broaden the indications for currently available therapies. Although immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies, they have unique toxicity profiles based on their mode of action. Despite this, such innovative therapies can potentially increase already-in-use therapies’ effectiveness.
  • 860
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Salinomycin and Its Bioactivity
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the cells in a primary tumor that have the opportunity to self-renew as well as differentiate into certain cell types, thus forming a mixed tumor. CSCs have been shown to be involved in every aspect of cancer development, including tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastatic activity; they are also involved in chemotherapeutic drug resistance and the recurrence of certain cancers. Based on these capabilities, CSCs have been explored as the next target for the treatment and management of cancer. Salinomycin (SAL), a polyether ionophore antibiotic being used in the poultry industry, was identified as a powerful anti-cancer compound that possesses broad-spectrum activities, especially against CSCs. 
  • 860
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D3 Hydroxyderivatives in Human
itamin D3 (D3) is produced in the skin in two steps. Initially there is a photochemical reaction caused by the action of UVB radiation (290–315 nm) on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in which the B ring is broken producing pre-vitamin D3. In the second reaction, vitamin D3 is formed from pre-vitamin D3 by its thermal isomerization at 37 °C over several hours. Both the UVB intensity and the level of skin pigmentation affect the rate of vitamin D3 production. Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble prohormonal secosteroid that has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions. Melanin absorbs UVB limiting the production of D3, and the same effect is achieved with clothing and sunscreen. Skin, more specifically the epidermis, has the full capacity to produce and activate vitamin D3.
  • 859
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) for Anticancer Drug Design
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are oxidative enzymes that catalyze the conversion of biogenic amines into their corresponding aldehydes and ketones through oxidative deamination. Owing to the crucial role of MAOs in maintaining functional levels of neurotransmitters, the implications of its distorted activity have been associated with numerous neurological diseases. Recently, an unanticipated role of MAOs in tumor progression and metastasis has been reported.
  • 859
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) originates from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract. Most GISTs arise due to mutations of KIT and PDGFRA gene activation, encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). The clinical use of the RTK inhibitor imatinib has significantly improved the management of GIST patients; however, imatinib resistance remains a challenge. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical survival pathway for cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and translation in neoplasms. Constitutive autophosphorylation of RTKs has an impact on the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling inhibition has been considered as a promising targeted therapy strategy for GISTs. Various inhibitory drugs targeting different parts of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are currently being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. This review highlights the progress for PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent mechanisms in GISTs, and explores the relationship between mTOR downstream signals, in particular, eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and the development of GISTs, which may be instrumental for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
  • 858
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
EGFR in Cancer
EGFR is one of the most successful pharmacological targets of anti-cancer drugs . Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and TKIs demonstrated efficacy and acceptable toxicity in large phase III clinical trials , hence were approved for treatment of lung, colorectal and head/neck cancer (see a list of anti-EGFR and anti-HER2 approved drugs in Table 1). However, despite major therapeutic advances, both primary and acquired resistance to these drugs occur and result in disease recurrence.
  • 858
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 857
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CART-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma
Available data on anti-BCMA CART-cell therapy has demonstrated efficacy and manageable toxicity in heavily pretreated R/R MM patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) represents a new strategy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM (R/R).
  • 857
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols as Anticancer Agents
Polyphenols represent a structural class of mainly natural organic chemicals that contain multiple phenol structural units. Their antineoplastic effects have been demonstrated in various studies when they were tested on numerous cancer lines and some in in vivo models. 
  • 857
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Carrier Cells for Oncolytic Virotherapy
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of therapeutics which combine multiple mechanisms of action, including direct cancer cell-killing, immunotherapy and gene therapy. To target metastatic diseases and tumors that cannot be directly accessed, it is of great interest to develop effective approaches for the systemic delivery of OVs, such as the use of carrier cells, which can be loaded with virus ex vivo and administered intravenously. In general, the ideal carrier cell should have a tropism towards the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it must be susceptible to OV infection but remain viable long enough to allow migration and finally release of the OV within the tumor bed.
  • 856
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms to Combat Resistance in PD-(L)1 Blockade
Prolonged survival and durable responses in several late-stage cancers such as melanoma and lung cancer have been made possible with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1. While it is prudent to focus on the unprecedented and durable clinical responses, there are subsets of cancer patients that do not respond to immunotherapies or respond early and then relapse later. Many pathways of resistance have been characterized, and more continue to be uncovered. To overcome the development of resistance, an in-depth investigation is necessary to identify alternative immune receptors and signals with the overarching goal of expanding treatment options for those with demonstrated resistance to PD1 checkpoint immunotherapy.
  • 856
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and concretely the blockade of the PD1/PDL1 axis, has opened up a new standard of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • 855
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Palliative Sedation
Palliative sedation can be considered as “the last resort” in order to treat unbearable, refractory symptoms or suffering in end-of-life patients. 
  • 855
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking and the Immune System
Tobacco is a known risk factor for lung cancer, and continued tobacco use is associated with poorer outcomes across multiple lung cancer treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Less is known about the association of tobacco use and outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are becoming an important part of the treatment landscape in lung cancer, both in metastatic and curative settings.
  • 855
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Integrin αvβ3 Receptors
Integrin αvβ3 receptors are overexpressed in different tumors and their associated neovascularization and hence, represent a potential cancer target.
  • 854
  • 23 Jun 2021
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