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Topic Review
Chitosan
Chitosan is a random copolymer comprising d-glucosamine (the deacetylated ones) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units.
  • 2.2K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plant Species and Expression Systems on Vaccines Production
Use of plant cells as vaccine production hosts is appropriate for the expression of complex antigens in a cost-efficient manner. Recombinant proteins can be produced using various expression systems, each of which has its own benefits and disadvantages pertaining to the yield, time required for expression and the costs incurred in this process.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ions
Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals.
  • 2.2K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed Cultivation and Its Applications in Colombia
Colombia has a diverse range of marine ecosystems in the coastal and insular areas of the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Seaweed research has focused mainly on the identification and taxonomic distribution of 628 species identified so far, mainly in the Caribbean Sea. Among the most widely cultivated genera of seaweeds in open-sea pilot systems in Colombia are Hydropuntia, Gracilaria, Hypnea, Kappaphycus, and Eucheuma. These genera have shown low yields as a consequence of high tissue fragility, epiphytism, sedimentation, and nitrogen deficiency. In addition, the evaluation of the biological activity of selected seaweed compounds has advanced considerably, focusing on their composition and their use for direct consumption by humans and animals. Despite the diversity of seaweeds, as well as certain technical and scientific advances, Colombia is still lagging behind other countries in seaweed exploitation, both in Latin America and worldwide.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Health-Promoting Effects of Mango Fruit
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), known as the king of fruits, has an attractive taste and fragrance and high nutritional value. Mango is commercially important in India, where ~55% of the global crop is produced. The fruit has three main parts: pulp, peel, and kernel. The pulp is the most-consumed part, while the peel and kernel are usually discarded. Mango pulp is a source of a variety of reducing sugars, amino acids, aromatic compounds, and functional compounds, such as pectin, vitamins, anthocyanins, and polyphenols. 
  • 2.2K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Determinants of Chitosan Antifungal Activity
Chitosan (CS), a biopolymer derived from chitin, is known for strong antifungal activity while being biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. Because of its characteristic it has been widely used in control of fungal pathogens. Antifungal activity of chitosan can be further enhanced by obtaining chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs).
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Yeast Hybrids in Brewing
Microbiology has long been a keystone in fermentation, and innovative yeast molecular biotechnology continues to represent a fruitful frontier in brewing science. Consequently, modern understanding of brewer’s yeast has undergone significant refinement over the last few decades.
  • 2.2K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles are devices obtained through the surface modification of natural extracellular vesicles, both using direct and indirect methods, i.e. engineering of the parental cells. The aim of their production is to obtain extracellular vesicles that are more reliable in terms of reproducibility and that present some desired features, that can change depending on the application.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Microbially-Induced Desaturation and Carbonate Precipitation
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been proposed as a sustainable approach to solve various environmental, structural, geotechnical and architectural issues. In the last decade, a ubiquitous microbial metabolism, nitrate reduction (also known as denitrification) got attention in MICP research due to its unique added benefits such as simultaneous corrosion inhibition in concrete and desaturation of porous media. The latter even upgraded MICP into a more advanced concept called microbially induced desaturation and precipitation (MIDP) which is being investigated for liquefaction mitigation.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Pigments in Contemporary Biotechnology and Pharmacological Applications
Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people’s health. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites and are mainly produced due to impaired metabolism under stressful conditions. These pigments have vibrant shades and possess nutritional and therapeutic properties compared to synthetic pigment. Microbial pigments are now widely used within the pharmaceuticals, food, paints, and textile industries. The pharmaceutical industries currently use bacterial pigments as a medicine alternative for cancer and many other bacterial infections. Their growing popularity is a result of their low cost, biodegradable, non-carcinogenic, and environmentally beneficial attributes. 
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Triploid Fish
Over the past decades, evidence is emerging that triploid fish exhibit interesting genetic, anatomical, cellular and biochemical peculiarities with potential growth advantages for the Aquaculture industry are including economic gains and improved feed conversion rate. A review of the current literature indicates that an assessment of the possible advantages and disadvantages of farming triploid sea bass should include the effects of ploidy on flesh quality parameters and in the capacity for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at different seasonal temperatures. 
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lipids of Sulfolobus spp.
Archaea, and thereby, Sulfolobus spp. exhibit a unique lipid composition of ether lipids, which are altered in regard to the ratio of diether to tetraether lipids, number of cyclopentane rings and type of head groups, as a coping mechanism against environmental changes. Sulfolobales mainly consist of C40-40 tetraether lipids (caldarchaeol) and partly of C20-20 diether lipids (archaeol). A variant of caldarchaeol called glycerol dialkylnonitol tetraether (GDNT) has only been found in Sulfolobus and other members of the Creanarchaeota phylum so far. Altering the numbers of incorporated cyclopentane rings or the the diether to tetraether ratio results in more tightly packed membranes or vice versa.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Skin Substitutes
The skin plays an important role in the maintenance of the human's body physiological homeostasis. It acts as a coverage that protects against infective microorganism or biomechanical impacts. Skin is also implied in thermal regulation and fluid balance. However, skin can suffer several damages that impede normal wound-healing responses and lead to chronic wounds. Since the use of autografts, allografts, and xenografts present source limitations and intense rejection associated problems, bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) have emerged as a promising solution to address these problems. The advances that have been produced on tissue engineering techniques have enabled improving and developing new arising skin substitutes. Despite this, currently available skin substitutes have many drawbacks, and an ideal skin substitute has not been developed yet. The translation of cell‐based arising skin substitutes to clinical application represents one of the critical challenges on tissue engineering and it has to be overcome with the aim of offering each patient the more efficient therapy that fits with his clinical case and allows him having a good quality of life.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Infrared Thermography in Large Ruminants
Infrared thermography (IRT) is a tool that is being used increasingly with farm animals due to society’s growing interest in animal welfare.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Physicochemical Properties and Composition of Different Honey
Honey is considered to be a functional food with health-promoting properties. However, its potential health benefits can be affected by individual composition that varies between honey types. Although studies describing the health benefits of Tualang honey (TH), Kelulut honey (KH), and Sidr honey (SH) are scarce, these honey types showed a comparable therapeutic efficacy to Manuka honey (MH). Findings showed that these honeys have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties and effects on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and respiratory system.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Atomic Force Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biological Control of Bulb Mites
Mites of the genus Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae) are serious pests of plants belonging to the orders Liliales and Asparagales such as onions, garlic, lilies, and tulips. Their control by synthetic pesticides is becoming problematic as a result of resistance development in these mites and environmental and health issues. New pest control methods thus need to be developed. Efforts to develop biological control programs for bulb mites have taken place in a number of countries. Several biocontrol agents have been tested against Rhizoglyphus spp. under laboratory and some also under field conditions. The most promising results have been obtained with acaropathogenic/entomopathogenic fungi and predatory mites as described below. Other possible prospective control agents attacking mites are viruses, bacteria, and protista, but except for some bacteria their efficacy against bulb mites has not been investigated yet.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Probiotic Lactobacillus in Anti-Ageing
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered adequately. The most common probiotic strains are associated with the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Recent advancements have witnessed significant achievements in using Lactobacillus during animal studies in ageing models.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi
Anthraquinones and their derivatives constitute a large group of quinoid compounds with about 700 molecules described. They are widespread in fungi and their chemical diversity and biological activities attracted attention of industries in such fields as pharmaceuticals, clothes dyeing, and food colorants.  As marine microorganisms appeared as producers of an astonishing variety of structurally unique secondary metabolites, they may represent a promising resource for identifying new candidates for therapeutic drugs or daily additives. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbial and Commercial Enzymes in Beverage Production Process
Enzymes are highly effective biocatalysts used in various industrial processes, playing a key role in winemaking and in other fermented beverages. Many of the enzymes used in fermentation processes have their origin in fruits, in the indigenous microbiota of the fruit, and in the microorganisms present during beverage processing. Besides naturally occurring enzymes, commercial preparations that usually blend different activities are used (glucosidases, glucanases, pectinases, and proteases, among others).
  • 2.1K
  • 05 May 2023
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