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Topic Review
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a disorder characterized by abnormal hip development that frequently manifests in infancy and early childhood. Preventing DDH from occurring relies on a timely and accurate diagnosis, which requires careful assessment by medical specialists during early X-ray scans. 
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Edible Mushrooms for Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is still defined as a unitary entity characterized by decontextualized symptoms, which include either: (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia); and at least five out of nine other symptoms (e.g., fatigue, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, diminished concentration, and psychomotor delay). To qualify as a major depressive episode, the symptoms have to persist for a minimum of 2 weeks and cause significant distress and disturbances in initiating and performing daily activities. Individuals with recurrent episodes are diagnosed with MDD. Edible medicinal mushrooms may be an adjunctive treatment for MDD.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pneumonia and Lung Cancer
Oncological patients are more prone to present severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia and are subject to worse complications. Radiologists have the challenging role of suggesting a differential diagnosis with lung cancer and treatment-induced lung diseases or suggesting an overlap between these pathologies. Despite similarities or overlapping findings, the combination of clinics and some specific radiological findings, which are also identified by comparison with previous and follow-up CT scans, may guide differential diagnosis.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Glycation End Products
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF).
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Dots-Mediated Fluorescent Scaffolds
Regeneration of damaged tissues or organs is one of the significant challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many researchers have fabricated various scaffolds to accelerate the tissue regeneration process. However, most of the scaffolds are limited in clinical trials due to scaffold inconsistency, non-biodegradability, and lack of non-invasive techniques to monitor tissue regeneration after implantation. Recently, carbon dots (CDs) mediated fluorescent scaffolds are widely explored for the application of image-guided tissue engineering due to their controlled architecture, light-emitting ability, higher chemical and photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers
Hand hygiene can be considered a strategic key useful in the containment of infections such as COVID-19 both at home and in communities because it can dramatically reduce the widespread outbreak of infections. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance with Infectious Diseases during Hajj
Hajj pilgrimage is a large mass gathering global event that may facilitate the spread and emergence of various infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in a local and global scenario. Planning and preparing for these public health issues is a challenging and complex process for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) health authorities. Despite multiple efforts for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases through longtime funding in education and medical care, the prevalence of infectious disease is still high among Hajj pilgrims. The commonly observed infectious diseases during Hajj include respiratory tract infections (influenza and pneumonia), urinary tract infections and skin infections that may necessitate the use of antimicrobials. Beta-lactams are used as a first-line treatment for hospital acquired infections as well as community acquired infections due to their broad-spectrum activity. However, most of the bacterial isolates such as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and E. coli are resistant to beta-lactams. Irrational use of antimicrobials, lack of infection prevention practices and suboptimal healthcare access further exacerbate the risk of spreading AMR among Hajj pilgrims.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Azadirachta indica (Neem) as a Potential Natural Active
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a large tree that is native to India and is traditionally used due to its several properties, mainly to treat skin diseases, as well as its “herbicidal” activity. Its bark, leaves, seeds, fruits and flowers are widely used in medicinal treatment due to the presence of active secondary metabolites with biological effects, mainly limonoids and tetranortriterpenoids, such as azadirachtin. Thus, A. indica was studied in a variety of conditions, such as anticancer, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive agents, as well as a biopesticide. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Epilepsy in Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk for epilepsy during the whole lifespan, but especially after age 40 years. The increase in the number of individuals with DS living into late middle age due to improved health care is resulting in an increase in epilepsy prevalence in this population. However, these epileptic seizures are probably underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. This late onset epilepsy is linked to the development of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the main comorbidity in adults with DS.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine
Graphene and graphene nanoribbons hold the promise for improving existing contrast agents as well as drug delivery and biosensing. The entry “Graphene, and Graphene Nanoribbons in Biomedicine” to Encyclopedia is dedicated to applications of graphene and graphene nanoribbons in biomedicine.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Digitally Enabled Person Centred Health and Care
Digitally enabled Person Centred Health and Care [DePCHaC] is term applicable to activities aimed at addressing health or providing care that use digital tools and functionality that has been specifically targeted to objectives and outcomes of the person.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Malnutrition in Hospitalized Old Patients
Malnutrition in hospitalized patients represents a heavy healthcare burden worldwide. Indeed, malnutrition in hospitalized patients worsens both prognosis and quality of life by increasing mortality, morbidity, and infection rate, extending the hospital stay, reducing the response to medical treatment, and increasing both the re-hospitalization rate and health expenditure.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Infant and Young Child Formulae
When it comes to infant and young child feeding understanding the different types of formulae offered by the industry is key. In the following entry we developed the definition, composition and characteristics of each type of formulae and their use in infant and child feeding.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant Biotechnology based COVID19-vaccines
Many pathogenic viral pandemics have caused threats to global health; the COVID-19 pandemic is the latest. Its transmission is growing exponentially all around the globe, putting constraints on the health system worldwide. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes this pandemic. Many candidate vaccines are available at this time for COVID-19, and there is a massive international race underway to procure as many vaccines as possible for each country. However, due to heavy global demand, there are strains in global vaccine production. The use of a plant biotechnology-based expression system for vaccine production also represents one part of this international effort, which is to develop plant-based heterologous expression systems, virus-like particles (VLPs)-vaccines, antiviral drugs, and a rapid supply of antigen-antibodies for detecting kits and plant origin bioactive compounds that boost the immunity and provide tolerance to fight against the virus infection. This review will look at the plant biotechnology platform that can provide the best fight against this global pandemic.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multimorbidity Prevention in Low and Middle Income Countries
Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are experiencing a fast-paced epidemiological rise in clusters of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, forming an imminent rise in multimorbidity. However, preventing multimorbidity has received little attention in LMICs, especially in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Multimorbidity may be preventable in LMICs if addressed early, especially lifestyle prevention. Lifestyle preventative strategies should be based on the understanding of local determinants of multimorbidity in LMICs, and person-centred intervention approaches.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pacific Open Learning Health Net
Pacific Open Learning Health Net (POLHN /ˈpɒlhən/) is a non-profit established in 2003, focused on distance education for health professionals working in the Pacific. Since 2004, it has provided free online courses for continuing professional development in a wide range of health and science related disciplines. These include self-directed, blended learning, instructor-led and hybrid courses. The platform runs on a free and open-source software learning management system. POLHN works with several universities institutions and Ministries of Health to develop online health related courses guided by WHO publications and accepted standard operating procedure. Since 2013, the platform has resembled a typical massive open online course (MOOC) platform.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products for Alleviating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease all over the world due to the obesity pandemic; currently, therapeutic options for NAFLD are scarce, except for diet recommendations and physical activity. NAFLD is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat deposits (>5%) in the liver with subsequent inflammation and fibrosis. Studies in the literature show that insulin resistance (IR) may be considered as the key mechanism in the onset and progression of NAFLD. Using natural products, for example, spirulina, oleuropein, garlic, berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, ginseng, glycyrrhizin, coffee, cocoa powder, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and bromelain, as an alternative approach in the treatment of NAFLD has drawn growing attention among physicians.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Influence of War and Conflict on Infectious Disease
Infectious diseases as the main reason or as a complication to surgical procedures were the main causes of deaths among soldiers during the Swedish–Russian war in the late 1780s. While the toll on civilians of infectious disease resulting from conflict is harder to measure, there is no doubt that it is far greater still. For these reasons, infectious diseases have been referred to as the “third army” during an armed conflict.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Application in Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
The role of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy in managing various small-bowel pathologies is well-established. However, their broader application has been hampered mainly by their lengthy reading times. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing artificial intelligence (AI) in these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, driven by the prospect of overcoming some major limitations and enhancing healthcare efficiency, while maintaining high accuracy levels.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Eating Competence, Food Consumption and Health Outcomes
Eating Competence (EC) is one behavioral perspective of eating practices that has been associated with a healthy lifestyle. It emphasizes eating pleasure, self-regulation of eating, body weight satisfaction, and regular meal frequency that includes food variety without focusing on dietary guidelines. EC is composed of four components (Eating Attitude, Food Acceptance, Internal Regulation, and Contextual Skill), and its assessment is performed using the Eating Competence Satter Inventory (ecSI2.0™), developed and validated in English for an adult population. EC has been associated with diet quality and health indicators for various population groups and the development of skills that increase EC might be a strategy to improve nutritional health, and prevent obesity and other chronic diseases. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2022
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