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Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cell Death in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors that can lead to osteoarthritis, but abnormally progressed programmed cell death is one of the most important risk factors that can induce osteoarthritis. Prior studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, has a great connection with osteoarthritis.
  • 731
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dental Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Dental-derived MSCs possess similar phenotypes and genotypes like other sources of MSCs along with specific markers such as dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein (DMP) -1, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and STRO-1. Concerning chondrogenicity, there is literature with marginal use of dental-derived MSCs. 
  • 729
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bioregenerative Therapies in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease in adults, and it affects around 250 million people all over the world, with high prevalence of asymptomatic patients. In addition, pain associated with this pathology is one of the main causes of disability worldwide. OA is subcategorized into primary (idiopathic) and secondary. The most common causes of secondary OA are post-traumatic, dysplastic, infectious, and inflammatory processes. Moreover, articular cartilage injuries may lead to the early onset of OA and have a huge negative impact on patients’ function and life quality.
  • 724
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TiO2 Used for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)  is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO2 have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. 
  • 723
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Plasma Applications in Foot and Ankle
Platelet-rich plasma can be beneficial in treating various conditions, such as chronic foot ulcers, osteoarthritis, Achilles tendinopathy, etc. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy technique is still relatively new, yet it has already seen widespread application in the orthopedic field. Positive effects of PRP on various musculoskeletal conditions. PRP can be beneficial in treating various conditions, such as chronic foot ulcers, osteoarthritis, Achilles tendinopathy, etc. 
  • 720
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a promising material to design scaffolds with regulated mechanical properties and with the capacity to be loaded with pharmaceutical products. Adjusting pore geometry, one could control elastic modulus and strength/fatigue properties of the engineered structures to be compatible with bone tissues, thus preventing the stress shield effect when replacing a diseased bone fragment. Adsorption of medicals by internal spaces would make it possible to emit the antibiotic and anti-tumor agents into surrounding tissues. The developed internal porosity and surface roughness can provide the desired vascularization and osteointegration. 
  • 720
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Acetabular Peri-Prosthetic Fractures
Acetabular peri-prosthetic fractures are rare but their incidence is rising due to the increased prevalence of total hip arthroplasty, the increasing life expectancy and the growing functional demand of an ageing population, the incidence of primary total hip arthroplasty is increasing. They are either intra-operative or post-operative and have various aetiologies. Several factors such as implant stability, bone loss, remaining bone stock, fracture pattern, timing, age and co-morbidities of the patients must be considered for adequate treatment. To date, the literature on this subject has been sparse and no universally recognized treatment algorithm exists. Their rarity makes them a little-known entity and their surgical management represents a challenge for most orthopaedic surgeons. 
  • 710
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Regulation in Osteosarcoma
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cells exhibiting an epithelial phenotype adopt a mesenchymal phenotype, which facilitates migration, invasion, and metastasis. This entry provides an overview of the role and regulation of EMT in Osteosarcoma, a primary bone malignancy affecting mainly children and young adults.
  • 708
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
Total joint arthroplasty is a common restorative surgery. Arthroplasty failure is a major complication of joint replacement surgery. It can be caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or non-infectious etiologies, and often requires surgical intervention and (in select scenarios) resection and reimplantation of implanted devices. Fast and accurate diagnosis of PJI and non-infectious arthroplasty failure (NIAF) is critical to direct medical and surgical treatment.
  • 703
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures in Pediatric Patients
Lateral humeral condyle fractures are frequently seen in pediatric patients and have a high risk of unfavorable outcomes. A fall on the outstretched arm with supination of the forearm is the most common trauma mechanism. A physical examination combined with additional imaging will confirm the diagnosis. Several classifications have been described to categorize these fractures based on location and comminution. Treatment options depend on the severity of the fracture and consist of immobilization in a cast, closed reduction with percutaneous fixation, and open reduction with fixation. These fractures can lead to notable complications such as lateral condyle overgrowth, surgical site infection, pin tract infections, stiffness resulting in decreased range of motion, cubitus valgus deformities, ‘fishtail’ deformities, malunion, non-union, avascular necrosis, and premature epiphyseal fusion. Adequate follow-up is therefore warranted.
  • 699
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Analysis of the Classification Systems for Thoracolumbar Fractures
Spinal fractures represent a category of traumatic lesions with a significant impact both medical and social aspects of life. Within this category, thoracolumbar fractures (TLF) form a particular subcategory due to their location with specific biomechanics—the transition from thoracic physiologic kyphosis (fixed) to lumbar lordosis (mobile). Lesions at this level may have severe consequences such as complete/partial motor deficit, local pain or kyphosis.
  • 694
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
SUMOylation in Skeletal Development and Disease
The modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. Emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
  • 688
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterial-Mediated Gene Therapy in Cartilage Repair
Articular cartilage defects caused by various reasons are relatively common in clinical practice, but the lack of efficient therapeutic methods remains a substantial challenge due to limitations in the chondrocytes’ repair abilities. In the search for scientific cartilage repair methods, gene therapy appears to be more effective and promising, especially with acellular biomaterial-assisted procedures. Biomaterial-mediated gene therapy has mainly been divided into non-viral vector and viral vector strategies, where the controlled delivery of gene vectors is contained using biocompatible materials. Genetic therapy, on the other hand, aims to transfer exogenous genes into target cells in order to induce endogenous gene expression to complete treatment. It has been extensively used in cartilage repair. Genetic editing is used to promote stable expressions of various growth factors for osteochondral regeneration. Meanwhile, biomaterial mediation could further localize the effect of genetic therapy by providing a scaffold to limit the genetically modified cells and vectors to within the targeted region; this increases the precision of the treatment, and makes it an ideal approach for treating osteochondral injuries.
  • 683
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasonography for Injecting (Around) the Lateral Epicondyle
Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a very common and painful condition seen in the daily practice of musculoskeletal physicians. Ultrasound-guided (USG) injections are commonly performed to manage the pain, promote the healing phase, and plan a tailored rehabilitation treatment. In this aspect, several techniques were described to target specific pain generators i the lateral elbow.
  • 667
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis Treatment Using Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy
Articular cartilage has very low metabolic activity. While minor injuries may be spontaneously repaired within the joint by chondrocytes, there is very little chance of a severely impaired joint regenerating itself when damaged. Therefore, any significant joint injury has little chance of spontaneously healing without some type of therapy.
  • 665
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Tranexamic Acid in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
There are several papers that investigate the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLR) or other arthroscopic procedures, that show favorable results and little to no complications. In our systematic review we show that TXA use in arthroscopic ACLR decreases postoperative blood loss and pain. Some evidence of improvement in functional scores were observed, but we believe that needs to be addressed in specific long-term result studies.
  • 657
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Orthopedic Biocompatible Implant
A biomaterial is  a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. In the field of orthopedics, implantology challenges emerge at the border of local reactions to metallic implants with personalized implant surfaces and general inflammatory reactions as a result of host–implant response.
  • 647
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Marketing Evidence on SMA Pharmacological Therapies
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disease, with an estimated incidence of about 1 in 10,000 live births. To date, three orphan drugs have been approved for the treatment of SMA: nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec, and risdiplam.
  • 646
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Megaprosthetic Reconstructions Following Sarcoma Resection
Megaprostheses have the advantage of a wide availability of different off-the-shelf modular implant systems that allow for individual, exact defect reconstruction, immediate, primary stability and the possibility to start early weight-bearing and functional rehabilitation.
  • 640
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Children
By definition, children constitute a vulnerable population, especially when they are chronically ill and/or disabled. A characteristic of chronically ill and disabled children is that they also suffer from indirect effects of their disease, such as immobilization, chronic inflammation, reduced time outdoors in the sun, osteotoxic effects of disease-targeted therapy (like glucocorticoids), and poor nutrition. All these factors may lead to bone fragility due to secondary osteoporosis, a co-morbidity that may be overlooked in the context of serious underlying diseases. 
  • 634
  • 07 Jul 2023
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