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Topic Review
Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases
Gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognostic and only one in four patients will have survived by 5 years after diagnosis. These poor results are due to the fact that most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages; peritoneal metastases (PM) are especially frequent and are difficult to treat. PM are considered a terminal stage of GC with a poor survival rate and are treated with palliative systemic chemotherapy. The treatment of PM from different origins has evolved; cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have become the treatment of choice for many malignant diseases that affect the peritoneum. CRS and HIPEC have also been used for patients with GC and PM, achieving survival results that have never been achieved when using systemic chemotherapy alone. The use of HIPEC can even prevent the development of peritoneal recurrences in patients with locally advanced GC as adjuvant therapy, can reduce the volume of peritoneal disease as neoadjuvant therapy, and can control symptoms in a palliative setting.
  • 729
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
EPPOCRATIS
Finally, EPPOCRATIS is an in-house (point-of-care) process that can be completed in 24-48 hours, allowing precise and expedited care of facial trauma patients. Bypassing outsourcing to third-party companies allows for the implementation of VSP/3DP in the acute trauma setting during the same hospitalization of trauma patients. Potential challenges with building an in-house VSP/3DP also exist including cost and personnel. However, as the technology becomes more readily available and cheaper, it will become more utilized in large volume centers.   
  • 727
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Radiation Therapy in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy in the United States. While surgery is considered as the main treatment modality for both cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (cBCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of NMSC, both in the adjuvant setting for cases considered high-risk for recurrence, and in the definitive setting, when surgery is not feasible or desired by the patient. 
  • 725
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Fibrinogen-Thrombin-Impregnated Collagen Patch
Surgery for major salivary gland tumors, including parotidectomy, is routinely performed by head and neck surgeons.
  • 724
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Riedel’s Thyroiditis
Riedel’s thyroiditis (RT), being strongly connected with positive antibodies against the thyroid, has been traditionally regarded as a particular type of autoimmune thyroiditis. RT was assimilated into the larger spectrum of immunoglobulin IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and, recently (in 2021), a proposal was released to designate a particular framework, namely, IgG4-related thyroid disease (IgG4-RTD) with four underlying entities: IgG4-mediated RT, IgG4-associated Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (and its fibrotic variant), and IgG4-related Graves’s disease.
  • 723
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Breast Reconstruction
Lipofilling is a commonly performed procedure worldwide for breast augmentation and correction of breast contour deformities. In breast reconstruction, fat grafting has been used as a single reconstructive technique, as well as in combination with other procedures. 
  • 721
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Robotic Approach in Liver Surgery
In parallel with the historical development of minimally invasive surgery, the laparoscopic and robotic approaches are now frequently utilized to perform major abdominal surgical procedures. Nevertheless, the role of the robotic approach in liver surgery is still controversial, and a standardized, safe technique has not been defined yet. Minimally invasive liver surgery has been extensively associated with benefits, in terms of less blood loss, and lower complication rates, including liver-specific complications such as clinically relevant bile leakage and post hepatectomy liver failure, when compared to open liver surgery. Furthermore, comparable R0 resection rates to open liver surgery have been reported, thus, demonstrating the safety and oncological efficiency of the minimally invasive approach. 
  • 715
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Cement and Spine Surgery
Antibiotic bone cement (ABC) is an effective tool for the prophylaxis and treatment of osteomyelitis due to the controlled, sustained release of local antibiotics. ABC has been proven to be effective in the orthopedic fields of arthroplasty and extremity trauma, but the adoption of ABC in spine surgery is limited. The characteristics of ABC make it an optimal solution for treating vertebral osteomyelitis (VO), a serious complication following spine surgery, typically caused by bacterial and sometimes fungal and parasitic pathogens.
  • 714
  • 24 Jun 2022
Biography
Igor A. Kryvoruchko
Professor Dr. Igor A. Kryvoruchko was born on January 18, 1960. After completing his studies at Kharkiv Medical Institute in 1983, Professor started his medical career as a specialist in surgery. From 1983 to 2004 he worked as a surgeon-researcher and a vice-director at the Institute of General and Urgent Surgery named after V.T. Zaitsev of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Ukraine. From
  • 711
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Speed_Bump_Sign as a Diagnostic Tool for Acute Appendicitis
The ‘speed bump sign’ is a clinical symptom characterised by aggravated abdominal pain while driving over speed bumps. The speed bump sign is a useful ‘rule-out’ test for diagnosing acute appendicitis. With good accessibility, the speed bump sign may be added as a routine part of taking the history of patients with abdominal pain.
  • 709
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Classifications and Treatments for Gliomas
Gliomas pose a significant challenge to neurosurgical oncology because of their diverse histopathological features, genetic heterogeneity, and clinical manifestations. Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular pathways of glioma, translating this knowledge into effective long-term solutions remains a challenge. 
  • 706
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Bariatric Surgery
Despite worldwide public attention and intense medical efforts, the prevalence of severe morbid obesity in children and adolescents is still rising. Similar to adults, excess adipose tissue triggers multiple immunological and metabolic pathways leading to serious co-morbidities such as impaired glucose tolerance or even type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperuricemia. The management of severe childhood obesity requires a life-long multidisciplinary approach with a combination of lifestyle changes, nutrition, and medications. Standardized life-style intervention programs remain the first-line treatment for morbid obese children and adolescents, but unfortunately reveal limited long-term success. In such cases, metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) has evolved from being a controversial issue to being included in distinct recommendations. 
  • 703
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Cataract in Patients with AMD
Cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two of the most common eye diseases of aging. This entry addresses the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative considerations in managing cataract in patients with age-related macular degeneration.
  • 703
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Connectome-Based Neurosurgery in Primary Intra-Axial Neoplasms
Despite the therapeutical advancements in the surgical treatment of primary intra-axial neoplasms, which determined both a significative improvement in overall survival (OS) and QoL and a reduction in the incidence of surgery-induced major neurological deficits, nowadays patients continue to manifest subtle post-operative neurocognitive impairments, preventing them from a full reintegration back into social life and into the workforce. The birth of connectomics paved the way for a profound reappraisal of the traditional conception of brain architecture, in favour of a model based on large-scale structural and functional interactions of a complex mosaic of cortical areas organized in a fluid network interconnected by subcortical bundles.
  • 702
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
AI for Preoperative Measurements in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is widely used in clinical practice as an effective treatment for end-stage knee joint lesions. It can effectively correct joint deformities, relieve painful symptoms, and improve joint function. The reconstruction of lower extremity joint lines and soft tissue balance are important factors related to the durability of the implant; therefore, it is especially important to measure the joint lines and associated angles before TKA. 
  • 697
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Caudate Lobectomy
Resection of the caudate lobe of the liver is considered a highly challenging type of liver resection due to the region’s intimacy with critical vascular structures and deep anatomic location inside the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic resection of the caudate lobe is considered one of the most challenging laparoscopic liver procedures. 
  • 694
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Roles of CAFs in the TME of PDAC
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most malignant digestive tumors, characterized by a low rate of early diagnosis, strong invasiveness, and early metastasis. The abundant stromal cells, dense extracellular matrix, and lack of blood supply in PDAC limit the penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in poor efficacy of the current treatment regimens. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells can secrete exosomes to promote the generation of activated CAFs, meanwhile exosomes secreted by CAFs help promote tumor progression. 
  • 689
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Infection of Vascular Prostheses
Vascular graft or endograft infection (VGEI) is a complex disease that complicates vascular-surgery and endovascular-surgery procedures and determines high morbidity and mortality.
  • 688
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Morphological Variation of Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Neck
Hostile aortic neck characteristics, such as short length and large diameter, have been associated with type Ia endoleaks and reintervention after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). However, such characteristics partially describe the complex aortic neck morphology. The statistical shape model (SSM) of the infrarenal neck is an objective model that provides a quantitative description of the 3D neck morphology of an individual patient.
  • 685
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Necessity of Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Medicine Training
Cardiothoracic surgical critical care medicine is practiced by a diverse group of physicians including surgeons, anesthesiologists, pulmonologists, and cardiologists. With a wide array of specialties involved, the training of cardiothoracic surgical intensivists lacks standardization, creating significant variation in practice. Additionally, it results in siloed physicians who are less likely to collaborate and advocate for the cardiothoracic surgical critical care subspeciality. Moreover, the current model creates credentialing dilemmas, as experienced by some cardiothoracic surgeons. 
  • 680
  • 01 Jan 2023
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