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Topic Review
Water Resources Research in the Souss-Massa Basin, Morocco
Most recent studies confirm a decreasing trend in water resources availability in the northern African region; the high competition between the sectors that use this vital resource, and the changing climate are considered as the main factors behind this situation. Under such very dynamic interactions between the natural resources, climate and the socioeconomic sectors, scientists from different perspectives have a challenging task to provide up-to-date and reliable insights to guide potential sustainable management strategies. Through the case of the Souss-Massa, the present research provides state of the art scientific research on water resources. The maps of publications analyzed showed that researchers working in the area focus more on the study of the quality, chemical processing and the impacts of climate change on the availability of water resources. The results showed that Souss-Massa is a region where an important amount of research on climate and water has been carried out. Hence, to keep up with the rapid evolution of land use and other anthropogenic actions in the basin there remain several gaps in knowledge and constraints to address.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Point-Based Groundwater Monitoring
The initial type of groundwater investigation started with level measurements with different types of instruments, which is called point-based groundwater monitoring. These methods and instruments include steel tape, electronic measuring tapes, pressure transducers, sounding devices, test drilling, geophysical investigation techniques, piezometers, digital water level recorders, exploratory well drilling, and isotopes, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Flownet
A flownet is a graphical representation of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow through aquifers. Construction of a flownet is often used for solving groundwater flow problems where the geometry makes analytical solutions impractical. The method is often used in civil engineering, hydrogeology or soil mechanics as a first check for problems of flow under hydraulic structures like dams or sheet pile walls. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines is called a flownet. The flownet is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems. Flow net technique is a graphical representation method.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biological Remediation of Polyfluorinated Compounds
Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of anthropogenic emerging persistent organic pollutants that consist of a fully fluorinated hydrophobic alkyl chain attached to a hydrophilic chain end group. The PFCs’ carbon–fluorine (C-F) bond, characterized by strong polarity and strength, make them possess peculiar physicochemical properties such as hydrophobicity and resistance to degradation by heat and acid. Their environmental occurrence particularly in drinking water samples and water receiving bodies, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) being the most detected PFCs is evident that they cannot be completely eradicated by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, despite the PFCs' stable C-F bond, recent literature suggests that PFCs are susceptible to bioremediation by certain bacterial strain and plant species. A lot of work still needs to be done in the context of understanding the biodegradation pathway of PFOA and PFOS by both bacterial strain and plant species. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bathing Water Quality (Croatia/Region/EU)
Bathing water management in the European Union (EU) is regulated by Bathing Water Directive (BWD) 2006/7/EC. The first Directive came into force in 1976 (76/160/EEC) and set the standards for designated bathing waters to be met by all EU Member States. Its main objective was to safeguard public health and protect the aquatic environment in coastal and inland areas from pollution. The Directive was repealed in 2006 by the new, revised BWD 2006/7/EC. The purpose of the new BWD is to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment and to protect human health. It lays down provisions for the monitoring and classification of bathing water quality, the management of bathing water quality and the procedures for informing the public about bathing water quality. All Member States were required to transpose the revised BWD into national law by 2008, with full implementation due by December 2014.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Unique Properties of Chitosan Nanomaterials and Magnetic Chitosan
Adsorption is the most widely used technique for advanced wastewater treatment. The preparation and application of natural renewable and environmentally friendly materials makes this process easier and more profitable. Chitosan is often used as an effective biomaterial in the adsorption world because of its numerous functional applications. Chitosan is one of the most suitable and functionally flexible adsorbents because it contains hydroxyl (-OH) and amine (-NH2) groups. The adsorption capacity and selectivity of chitosan can be further improved by introducing additional functions into its basic structure. Owing to its unique surface properties and adsorption ability of chitosan, the development and application of chitosan nanomaterials has gained significant attention. The recovery of pollutants using magnetic nanoparticles is an important treatment process that has contributed to additional development and sustainable growth.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Application of Machine Learning for Runoff Prediction
Water resource modeling is an important means of studying the distribution, change, utilization, and management of water resources. By establishing various models, water resources can be quantitatively described and predicted, providing a scientific basis for water resource management, protection, and planning. Traditional hydrological observation methods, often reliant on experience and statistical methods, are time-consuming and labor-intensive, frequently resulting in predictions of limited accuracy. However, machine learning technologies enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water resource modeling by analyzing extensive hydrogeological data, thereby improving predictions and optimizing water resource utilization and allocation.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning Methods for Rainfall–Runoff Modelling
Runoff plays an essential part in the hydrological cycle, as it regulates the quantity of water which flows into streams and returns surplus water into the oceans. Runoff modelling may assist in understanding, controlling, and monitoring the quality and amount of water resources. In machine learning (ML) models, the association between hydrological cycle variables and runoff is examined directly without regard for the actual processes involved. However, such ML (black-box) approaches are good enough at modelling runoff. The most widely used ML approaches in hydrologic research are K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), decision tree (DT), fuzzy rule-based systems (FRBS), ANN, deep neural networks (DNN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector machine (SVM), etc. Numerous researchers have utilized these ML models for rainfall–runoff analysis.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Diverse Techniques for the On-Site Treatment of Blackwater
The maintenance of people’s lifestyle against global climate change, exhaustion of groundwater, depletion of minerals, and water scarcity has instigated the recycling and reuse of water from unlikely sources. This situation has motivated researchers to develop effective technologies for treating wastewater, enabling its reuse. Water security has been ensured in myriad, highly populated regions through large-scale centralized treatment facilities. The development and implementation of small-scale, renewable-energy-based, decentralized, on-site treatment methodologies ensure water sustainability in rural areas, where centralized treatment facilities are impractical for application.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sediment Augmentation
The artificial supply of sediment, commonly referred to as sediment augmentation or sediment replenishment, is a method that is increasingly used to address sediment-related issues in regulated rivers. This article presents typical design approaches and assessment methods for different types of sediment augmentation measures (SAM), based on experience from the field and the literature.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria, Blooms and Cyanotoxins in East African Lakes
Cyanobacteria, algal blooms and cyanotoxins have become common environmental enigmas in marine, freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. In East African lakes, mainly Microcystis, Arthrospira, Dolichospermum, Planktolyngbya and Anabaenopsis species of cyanobacteria have been responsible for the production of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and nodularin. Microcystins and anatoxin-a have been implicated as the proximal cause of indiscriminate fish deaths and epornitic mortality of lesser flamingos
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System
Bioretention is considered one of the best management practices (BMPS) for managing stormwater quality and quantity. The bioretention system has proven good performance in removing total suspended solids, oil, and heavy metals. The nitrogen (N) removal efficiency of the bioretention system is insufficient, however, due to the complex forms of nitrogen. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Solar Concentration for Wastewaters Remediation
As the effectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment processes is increasingly challenged by the growth of industrial activities, a demand for low-cost and low-impact treatments is emerging. A possible solution is represented by systems coupling solar concentration technology with advanced oxidation processes (AOP).
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Mechanisms for the Removal of Metals
Different natural and anthropogenic global events and activities such as urban settlements and industrial development have led to a build-up of numerous pollutants in the environment, creating problems for nature and human health. Metal(loid)s are defined as elements with a density of more than 4–5 g/cm3 that are toxic to humans even at low levels.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Groundwater Flow System
The Independence Basin is located in a semi-arid region of Mexico, delimited predominantly by volcanic mountains. Around 30 m3/s of water are extracted from regional aquifers mainly for agro-export activities, causing declines in the water table of up to 10 m/a, increased temperature and dissolved elements that are harmful to health and the environment.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Cryosphere
The cryosphere (from the Greek κρύος kryos, "cold", "frost" or "ice" and σφαῖρα sphaira, "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features. Cryology is the study of cryospheres.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Degradation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are an emerging group of persistent organic pollutants in aquatic environments with high levels of toxicity and bioaccumulation. The risks posed by PFASs to the environment and health have attracted increasing attention. To remove them from water, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), with the merits of high efficiency and low cost, are mainly used. Photo/electrocatalytic heterogeneous AOPs, with the assistance of nanostructured catalysts and external energy in the form of light/electricity, have emerged as one of the most powerful techniques, overcoming the difficulty associated with defluorination and achieving the effective and complete degradation of PFASs in water. The structures of photo/electrocatalysts play a critical role in the production of reactive oxygen species, the electron transfer process, and the degradation pathway and its efficiency. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Assessing the Role of Water Resources Protection Globally
Water resource protection is central to sustainable water supply management for human wellbeing and for the ecological ecosystem to flourish. Water resources protection plays a critical role in policy practice to mitigate water resources challenges and in mitigating social wellbeing. Such practice is central to sustainable water supply management for human wellbeing and for the ecological ecosystem to flourish. Appropriate implementation and monitoring of water resources protection practice has received much attention on the international agenda. Approaches such as results-oriented policy monitoring are seen as appropriate methodologies for monitoring policy implementation practice to assess policy impacts.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae
Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a cost-effective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology
Mountain Permafrost Hydrology can be defined as “the geoscience that describes and predicts the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of the water within high and cold mountainous terrain”.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jan 2022
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