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Topic Review
Amelogenin-Derived Peptides
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tooth Diversity
Although the evolution of tooth structure seems highly conserved, remarkable diversity exists among species due to different living environments and survival requirements. Along with the conservation, this diversity of evolution allows for the optimized structures and functions of teeth under various service conditions, providing valuable resources for the rational design of biomimetic materials. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal diseases, in the light of the new classification, have been divided into three general categories: gum disease, periodontitis, and other conditions affecting the periodontium.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hand Hygiene in a Pandemic Context with SARS-CoV-2
Hand hygiene (HH) is the basis of any program for infection control. It's a good predictor of nosocomial infections, especially when the medical staff come in contact with a patient’s oral cavity. HH is a widespread topic among students or practitioners. Aspects regarding HH have been addressed in numerous studies conducted during the pandemic period with SARS-CoV-2.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diet, Nutrition, and Oral Health in Older Adults
Diet, nutrition, and oral health are closely linked. Malnutrition is a challenging health concern in older adults that is associated with physical decline affecting their daily activities and quality of life.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Development of Resin Infiltration
The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Derivatives in Caries Management
Graphene is a two-dimensional mono-atomic sp2 hybridized carbon-based nanomaterial known as the thinnest and strongest element in existence. Dental caries is the chronic local damage of dental hard tissue (enamel, dentin, and cementum) that acidic byproducts of bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates often cause, and periodontal disease is the inflammation of periodontium (gums, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone surrounding the teeth); both are associated with microbes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing of Dental Prostheses
Revolutionary fabrication technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing to develop dental structures are expected to replace traditional methods due to their ability to establish constructs with the required mechanical properties and detailed structures. Three-dimensional printing, as an additive manufacturing approach, has the potential to rapidly fabricate complex dental prostheses by employing a bottom-up strategy in a layer-by-layer fashion. This new technology allows dentists to extend their degree of freedom in selecting, creating, and performing the required treatments. Three-dimensional printing has been narrowly employed in the fabrication of various kinds of prostheses and implants. There is still an on-demand production procedure that offers a reasonable method with superior efficiency to engineer multifaceted dental constructs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Amelioration Strategies for Silver Diamine Fluoride
Topical cariostatic agents have become a reasonable alternative for managing dental caries in young children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a practical topical approach to arrest caries and avoid extensive and risky dental treatment. The rapid oxidation of ionic silver darkens demineralised tooth structure permanently. In this regard, nano-metallic antimicrobials could augment or substitute for silver, and thereby enhance SDF aesthetic performance.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Barrier Membrane in Regenerative Therapy
Guided bone and tissue regeneration remains an integral treatment modality to regenerate bone surrounding teeth and dental implants. Barrier membranes have been developed and produced commercially to allow space for bone regeneration and prevent the migration of unwanted cells. Ideal membrane properties, including biocompatibility, sufficient structural integrity and suitable shelf life with easy clinical application, are important to ensure good clinical regenerative outcomes. Membranes have various types, and their clinical application depends on the origin, material, structure and properties. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Oral Lichen Planus
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease. The etiology of OLP is still unknown, but it is believed to be associated with a cell-mediated immune dysregulation.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Metabolism in Dentine-Pulp Complex
The cellular metabolic processes ensure the physiological integrity of the dentine-pulp complex. Odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells are responsible for the defence mechanisms in the form of tertiary dentine formation. In turn, the main defence reaction of the pulp is the development of inflammation, during which the metabolic and signalling pathways of the cells are significantly altered.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dental Implants
Dental implants are widely used for oral prosthetic rehabilitation in case of partially (single or more missing teeth), as well as fully edentulous patients. It was demonstrated that osseointegrated implants have a high survival rate (cumulative mean of 94.6%, SD 5.97%) with a follow-up period of up to 20 years.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bioactive Glasses in Periodontal Regeneration
Bioactive glasses (BGs) were discovered by Larry L. Hench in 1969; the original composition, named Bioglass® 45S5 (45S5 from here on), displayed outstanding properties such as bone regeneration capabilities and antibacterial activity. In fact, such BG is an amorphous and biocompatible silica oxide-based inorganic material able to induce surface property responses resulting in the formation of a bond between the bone and the glass itself. In general, the surface of BGs, when soaked in physiological fluids, undergoes a complex ion exchange mechanism with the medium, inducing the formation of precipitates and subsequently hydroxyapatite deposition. This mechanism could explain the effectiveness of these BGs to bind to bones and the wide number of studies on BGs as supporting materials for bone tissue engineering and tooth remineralization.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Selective Antimicrobial Therapies for Periodontitis
Traditional antimicrobial therapies for periodontitis (PD) have long focused on non-selective and direct approaches that give  immediate though short lived clinical improvements. Professional cleaning of the subgingival biofilm by instrumentation of dental root surfaces, known as scaling and root planning (SRP), is the mainstay of periodontal therapy and is indisputably effective. Non-physical approaches, used as adjuncts to SRP, such as chemical and biological agents, will be the focus of this review. We will review traditional antibiotic and antiseptic approaches,  but will emphasize immunotherapeutic agents under development that indirectly inhibit microbial colonization/growth and/or bone loss by reducing inflammation. Moreover, those agents that have clear molecular targets and defined mechanisms of action will be stressed.   Many of these 'host modulation' agents,  have only become possible through decades of research on host-pathogen interactions and the immunopathogenesis of PD. More investment in such approaches is warranted and a goal worth pursuing given the tremendous benefits selective approaches might offer to patients with periodontitis.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Dentistry
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been receiving more attention in dentistry. Their advantageous physicochemical and biological properties can improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of numerous oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, pulp and periapical lesions, oral candidiasis, denture stomatitis, hyposalivation, and head, neck, and oral cancer. NPs can also enhance the mechanical and microbiological properties of dental prostheses and implants and can be used to improve drug delivery through the oral mucosa. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Dental Radiology and COVID-19
In the era of COVID-19, it is necessary to practice all possible measures in the clinical practice that prevents disease transmission. Dentistry bears a higher risk of cross-contamination as it deals with saliva- a potent disease-transmitting agent. Dental radiology setup is no exception, as saliva contamination is equally present here. We should undertake the following measures in order to have a safe working environment: 1. Strict adherence to routine infection control measures. 2. Preference should be given to the extra-oral projection techniques.  3. Ensure proper ventilation of the operator room.  4. Dooning and doffing of the PPE in a separate room. 5. Proper disinfection and implementation of fallout period. 6. Preferably digital radiography and tele-radiography 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Severe COVID-19 Lung Infection
Periodontal bacteria dissemination into the lower respiratory tract may create favorable conditions for severe COVID-19 lung infection. Once lung tissues are colonized, cells that survive persistent bacterial infection can undergo permanent damage and accelerated cellular senescence. Consequently, several morphological and functional features of senescent lung cells facilitate SARS-CoV-2 replication. The higher risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus that causes COVID-19, and death in older patients has generated the question whether basic aging mechanisms could be implicated in such susceptibility. Mounting evidence indicates that cellular senescence, a manifestation of aging at the cellular level, contributes to the development of age-related lung pathologies and facilitates respiratory infections. Apparently, a relationship between life-threatening COVID-19 lung infection and pre-existing periodontal disease seems improbable. However, periodontal pathogens can be inoculated during endotracheal intubation and/or aspirated into the lower respiratory tract.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Current Trends in Skeletal Borderline Patients
Skeletal balance, functional occlusion, and facial harmony are common goals in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. However, the boundary line for the decision between orthodontic and surgical treatment remains very controversial in adult borderline patients. Up to 10% of orthodontically treated patients are borderline and may have been treated either way (both with camouflage and orthognathic surgery). It is suggested that orthodontic camouflage of skeletal malocclusions would have acceptable results if there were an average or short facial pattern, mild anteroposterior jaw discrepancy, dental crowding lower than 4–6 mm, normal soft tissue features (nose, lips, chin), and no transverse skeletal problems. Poor results would be expected with the following: a long vertical facial pattern, moderate or severe antero-posterior jaw discrepancy, dental crowding greater than 4–6 mm, exaggerated facial features, and a transverse skeletal discrepancy.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2022
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