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Biography
Leo Arons
Martin Leo Arons (15 February 1860 – 10 October 1919) was a German physicist and social democratic politician. He was the namesake of the Lex Arons, a law which disallowed members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) to teach at Prussian universities. Leo Arons came from a wealthy Jewish banking family in Berlin. His parents were A
  • 656
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Associated Thrombosis
Tumor cells evade immune destruction by activating immune checkpoint receptor proteins including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) found on T cells, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) found on tumor cells. A type of novel anticancer therapy termed “immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)” involves monoclonal antibodies that specifically target these proteins and prevent immune escape from tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target programmed cell death (PD) 1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1, and have become an integral part of treatment regimens in many cancers including lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and more. Cancer is associated with a significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared to non-cancer patients, and the risks increase further with anticancer therapies including ICIs. Cancer-associated thrombosis can lead to hospitalizations, delayed cancer treatment, and mortality.
  • 656
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Vaccine
A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient. Some researchers claim that cancerous cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the immune system (immunosurveillance); and that tumors form when the immune system fails to destroy them. Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer and liver cancer, are caused by viruses (oncoviruses). Traditional vaccines against those viruses, such as the HPV vaccine and the hepatitis B vaccine, prevent those types of cancer. Other cancers are to some extent caused by bacterial infections (e.g. stomach cancer and Helicobacter pylori). Traditional vaccines against cancer-causing bacteria (oncobacteria) are not further discussed in this article.
  • 652
  • 19 Oct 2022
Biography
Norman Jaques
Norman Jaques (June 29, 1880 – January 31, 1949) was a Canadian farmer and federal politician. Jaques represented the electoral district of Wetaskiwin in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949. Jaques was a member of the Social Credit Party. Jaques was born in London, England , and attended Eastborne College in Sussex. He moved to Canada in 1901, and became a farmer in Mirror, Al
  • 651
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sensory Dysfunction Disorder
Sensory dysfunction disorder is a reported neurological disorder of information processing, characterized by difficulty in understanding and responding appropriately to sensory inputs. Sensory dysfunction disorder is not recognized by the American Medical Association. "Sensory processing (SP) difficulties have been reported in as many as 95% of children with autism, however, empirical research examining the existence of specific patterns of SP difficulties within this population is scarce." The brain receives messages from the body's sensory systems, which informs the brain of what is going on around and to a person's body. If one or more of these systems become overstimulated, it may result in what is known as Sensory Dysfunction Disorder. An example of a response to overstimulation is expressed by A. Jean Ayres, in Sensory Integration and the Child: Understanding Hidden Sensory Challenges. She writes, "When the flow of sensations is disorganized, life can be like a rush-hour traffic jam” (p. 289). The following sensory systems are broken down into individual categories to better understand the impact a sensitivity can have on an individual.
  • 637
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule.
  • 636
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Selected Wildlife Infections in the Circumpolar Arctic
One Health, a multidisciplinary approach to public health, which integrates human, animal, and environmental studies, is prudent for circumpolar Arctic health research. The researchers hope to identify and compare research in select infectious diseases in Arctic wildlife species with importance to human health indexed in English language databases (PubMed, Scopus) and the Russian database eLibrary.ru.
  • 634
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome and Central Nervous System
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological standpoints. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR).IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs more recently considered, such as the central nervous system (CNS). In consequence, it has been proposed that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood.The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS.
  • 633
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has detrimental effects on patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL). 
  • 633
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.
  • 624
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation and Regeneration in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects over 250 million people worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease characterized by cartilage loss and low-grade synovial inflammation. Focusing on these two targets together could be the key to developing currently missing disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs).
  • 622
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fusospirillary Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 613
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA Mechanisms in Breast Cancer
Genomic studies have revealed the multiplicity of processes, including neoplastic transformation and tumor progression, in which lncRNAs are involved by regulating gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels by mechanism(s) that still need to be clarified. In breast cancer, several lncRNAs were identified and demonstrated to have either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles. The functional understanding of the mechanisms of lncRNA action in this disease could represent a potential for translational applications, as these molecules may serve as novel biomarkers of clinical use and potential therapeutic targets.
  • 602
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Informatics Research Network
The Biomedical Informatics Research Network, commonly referred among analysts as “BIRN” is a national proposed project to assist biomedical researchers in their bioscience investigations through data sharing and online collaborations. BIRN provides data-sharing infrastructure, advisory services from a single source and software tools and techniques. This national initiative is funded by NIH Grants, the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), a component of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH).
  • 600
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
The pancreas is a vital organ with exocrine and endocrine functions. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcohol consumption and gallstones. This condition can heighten the risk of pancreatic cancer (PC), a challenging disease with a high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute significantly to PC development, along with other risk factors. Early detection is crucial for improving PC outcomes. Diagnostic methods, including imagining modalities and tissue biopsy, aid in the detection and analysis of PC. In contrast, liquid biopsy (LB) shows promise in early tumor detection by assessing biomarkers in bodily fluids. Understanding the function of the pancreas, associated diseases, risk factors, and available diagnostic methods is essential for effective management and early PC detection. The current clinical examination of PC is challenging due to its asymptomatic early stages and limitations of highly precise diagnostics. Screening is recommended for high-risk populations and individuals with potential benign tumors. Among various PC screening methods, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test stands out with its high AUC. Compared to other commercial products, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test offers a cost-effective solution for early detection. However, additional diagnostic tests are required for confirmation. Further research, validation, and the development of non-invasive screening methods and standardized scoring systems are crucial to enhance PC detection and improve patient outcomes. This review outlines the context of pancreatic cancer and the challenges for early detection.
  • 598
  • 11 Oct 2023
Biography
Kuraev Eduard Alekseevich
Eduard Alekseevich Kuraev[1] (Russian: Эдуа́рд Алексе́евич Кура́ев; October 17, 1940, Apsheronsk – March 4, 2014, Dubna) — Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1971). Eduard A. Kuraev was born in Apsheronsk, Krasnodar region. In 1957 he graduated from high school in stanitsa Tbilisskaya, Krasnodar Region and enter
  • 592
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
UNC
UNC is a set of proteins first identified through a set of screening tests in Caenorhabditis elegans, looking for roundworms with movement problems. Worms with which were un-coordinated (hence UNC) were analysed in order to identify the genetic defect. Such proteins include UNC-5, a receptor for UNC-6 which is one of the netrins. Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. UNC-5 uses repulsion (genetics) to direct axons while the other netrin receptor UNC-40 attracts axons to the source of netrin production.
  • 586
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Napaeozapus
The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. It can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.
  • 576
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) encompasses a broad set of approaches to adapt to climate change. They all involve the management of ecosystems and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the impacts of climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity defines EbA as "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change". EbA involves the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, mangroves or coral reefs to reduce the harmful impacts of climate hazards including shifting patterns or levels of rainfall, changes in maximum and minimum temperatures, stronger storms, and increasingly variable climatic conditions. EbA measures can be implemented on their own or in combination with engineered approaches (such as the construction of water reservoirs or dykes), hybrid measures (such as artificial reefs) and approaches that strengthen the capacities of individuals and institutions to address climate risks (such as the introduction of early warning systems). EbA is nested within the broader concept of nature-based solutions and complements and shares common elements with a wide variety of other approaches to building the resilience of social-ecological systems. These approaches include community-based adaptation, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, climate-smart agriculture, and green infrastructure, and often place emphasis on using participatory and inclusive processes and community/stakeholder engagement. The concept of EbA has been promoted through international fora, including the processes of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). A number of countries make explicit references to EbA in their strategies for adaptation to climate change and their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. While the barriers to widespread uptake of EbA by public and private sector stakeholders and decision makers are substantial, cooperation toward generating a greater understanding of the potential of EbA is well established among researchers, advocates, and practitioners from nature conservation and sustainable development groups. EbA is increasingly viewed as an effective means of addressing the linked challenges of climate change and poverty in developing countries, where many people are dependent on natural resources for their lives and livelihoods.
  • 572
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes-Mediated Signaling Pathway for Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Treatment
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathological process which occurs mostly in organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and lung. The injury caused by I/R gradually becomes one of the main causes of fatal diseases, which is an urgent clinical problem to be solved. Although great progress has been made in therapeutic methods, including surgical, drug, gene therapy, and transplant therapy for I/R injury, the development of effective methods to cure the injury remains a worldwide challenge. 
  • 572
  • 07 Feb 2024
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