Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Biography
Norman Jaques
Norman Jaques (June 29, 1880 – January 31, 1949) was a Canadian farmer and federal politician. Jaques represented the electoral district of Wetaskiwin in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1949. Jaques was a member of the Social Credit Party. Jaques was born in London, England , and attended Eastborne College in Sussex. He moved to Canada in 1901, and became a farmer in Mirror, Al
  • 644
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sensory Dysfunction Disorder
Sensory dysfunction disorder is a reported neurological disorder of information processing, characterized by difficulty in understanding and responding appropriately to sensory inputs. Sensory dysfunction disorder is not recognized by the American Medical Association. "Sensory processing (SP) difficulties have been reported in as many as 95% of children with autism, however, empirical research examining the existence of specific patterns of SP difficulties within this population is scarce." The brain receives messages from the body's sensory systems, which informs the brain of what is going on around and to a person's body. If one or more of these systems become overstimulated, it may result in what is known as Sensory Dysfunction Disorder. An example of a response to overstimulation is expressed by A. Jean Ayres, in Sensory Integration and the Child: Understanding Hidden Sensory Challenges. She writes, "When the flow of sensations is disorganized, life can be like a rush-hour traffic jam” (p. 289). The following sensory systems are broken down into individual categories to better understand the impact a sensitivity can have on an individual.
  • 630
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome and Central Nervous System
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological standpoints. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR).IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs more recently considered, such as the central nervous system (CNS). In consequence, it has been proposed that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood.The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS.
  • 624
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has detrimental effects on patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL). 
  • 624
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule.
  • 620
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Asthma
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma.
  • 617
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Associated Thrombosis
Tumor cells evade immune destruction by activating immune checkpoint receptor proteins including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) found on T cells, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) found on tumor cells. A type of novel anticancer therapy termed “immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)” involves monoclonal antibodies that specifically target these proteins and prevent immune escape from tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target programmed cell death (PD) 1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1, and have become an integral part of treatment regimens in many cancers including lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and more. Cancer is associated with a significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared to non-cancer patients, and the risks increase further with anticancer therapies including ICIs. Cancer-associated thrombosis can lead to hospitalizations, delayed cancer treatment, and mortality.
  • 614
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation and Regeneration in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects over 250 million people worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease characterized by cartilage loss and low-grade synovial inflammation. Focusing on these two targets together could be the key to developing currently missing disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs).
  • 611
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular and Immunologic Features of Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive mesenchymal tumor with smooth muscle differentiation. LMS is one of the most common histologic subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma; it most frequently occurs in the extremities, retroperitoneum, or uterus. LMS often demonstrates aggressive tumor biology, with a higher risk of developing distant metastatic disease than most sarcoma histologic types.
  • 610
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Galleria mellonella Immune System
The study of pathogenicity and virulence of fungal strains, in vivo in the preclinical phase, is carried out through the use of animal models belonging to various classes of mammals (rodents, leproids, etc.). Although animals are functionally more similar to humans, these studies have some limitations in terms of ethics (animal suffering), user-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, timing (physiological response time) and logistics (need for adequately equipped laboratories). A good in vivo model must possess some optimal characteristics to be used, such as rapid growth, small size and short life cycle. For this reason, insects, such as Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera), Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) and Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), have been widely used as alternative non-mammalian models. Due to their simplicity of use and low cost, the larvae of G. mellonella represent an optimal model above all to evaluate the virulence of fungal pathogens and the use of antifungal treatments (either single or in combination with biologically active compounds). A further advantage is also represented by their simple neuronal system limiting the suffering of the animal itself, their ability to survive at near-body ambient temperatures as well as the expression of proteins able to recognise combined pathogens following the three R principles (replacement, refinement and reduction). 
  • 609
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Selected Wildlife Infections in the Circumpolar Arctic
One Health, a multidisciplinary approach to public health, which integrates human, animal, and environmental studies, is prudent for circumpolar Arctic health research. The researchers hope to identify and compare research in select infectious diseases in Arctic wildlife species with importance to human health indexed in English language databases (PubMed, Scopus) and the Russian database eLibrary.ru.
  • 606
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fusospirillary Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 601
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA Mechanisms in Breast Cancer
Genomic studies have revealed the multiplicity of processes, including neoplastic transformation and tumor progression, in which lncRNAs are involved by regulating gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels by mechanism(s) that still need to be clarified. In breast cancer, several lncRNAs were identified and demonstrated to have either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles. The functional understanding of the mechanisms of lncRNA action in this disease could represent a potential for translational applications, as these molecules may serve as novel biomarkers of clinical use and potential therapeutic targets.
  • 596
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Informatics Research Network
The Biomedical Informatics Research Network, commonly referred among analysts as “BIRN” is a national proposed project to assist biomedical researchers in their bioscience investigations through data sharing and online collaborations. BIRN provides data-sharing infrastructure, advisory services from a single source and software tools and techniques. This national initiative is funded by NIH Grants, the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), a component of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH).
  • 587
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
The pancreas is a vital organ with exocrine and endocrine functions. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcohol consumption and gallstones. This condition can heighten the risk of pancreatic cancer (PC), a challenging disease with a high mortality rate. Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute significantly to PC development, along with other risk factors. Early detection is crucial for improving PC outcomes. Diagnostic methods, including imagining modalities and tissue biopsy, aid in the detection and analysis of PC. In contrast, liquid biopsy (LB) shows promise in early tumor detection by assessing biomarkers in bodily fluids. Understanding the function of the pancreas, associated diseases, risk factors, and available diagnostic methods is essential for effective management and early PC detection. The current clinical examination of PC is challenging due to its asymptomatic early stages and limitations of highly precise diagnostics. Screening is recommended for high-risk populations and individuals with potential benign tumors. Among various PC screening methods, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test stands out with its high AUC. Compared to other commercial products, the N-NOSE plus pancreas test offers a cost-effective solution for early detection. However, additional diagnostic tests are required for confirmation. Further research, validation, and the development of non-invasive screening methods and standardized scoring systems are crucial to enhance PC detection and improve patient outcomes. This review outlines the context of pancreatic cancer and the challenges for early detection.
  • 586
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
UNC
UNC is a set of proteins first identified through a set of screening tests in Caenorhabditis elegans, looking for roundworms with movement problems. Worms with which were un-coordinated (hence UNC) were analysed in order to identify the genetic defect. Such proteins include UNC-5, a receptor for UNC-6 which is one of the netrins. Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. UNC-5 uses repulsion (genetics) to direct axons while the other netrin receptor UNC-40 attracts axons to the source of netrin production.
  • 580
  • 18 Oct 2022
Biography
Kuraev Eduard Alekseevich
Eduard Alekseevich Kuraev[1] (Russian: Эдуа́рд Алексе́евич Кура́ев; October 17, 1940, Apsheronsk – March 4, 2014, Dubna) — Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1971). Eduard A. Kuraev was born in Apsheronsk, Krasnodar region. In 1957 he graduated from high school in stanitsa Tbilisskaya, Krasnodar Region and enter
  • 576
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Napaeozapus
The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. It can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.
  • 568
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Optic Pit
Optic pit, optic nerve pit, or optic disc pit (ODP) is rare a congenital excavation (or regional depression) of the optic disc (also optic nerve head), resulting from a malformation during development of the eye. The incidence of ODP is 1 in 10,000 people with no predilection for either gender. There is currently no known risk factors for their development. Optic pits are important because they are associated with posterior vitreous detachments (PVD) and even serous retinal detachments.
  • 560
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ulcerative Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 555
  • 11 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 68
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback