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Topic Review
Melatonin
Melatonin, the nocturnally released pineal hormone, has attracted great attention due to its pleiotropic roles. Although its major role is the regulation of the circadian rhythm, this indoleamine engages in multiple mechanisms, including neurogenesis, antioxidation, and inflammatory responses. Apart from its versatility, this molecule has also gained a reputation as being potentially tumor suppressive, espe-cially in hormone-dependent cancers . Melatonin is able to selectively neutralize the estrogenic effects on the breast. The oncostatic roles of melatonin are based on its diverse effects, including its antioxidative properties, apoptosis induction, and an-ticancer immunity . Interestingly, melatonin is able to protect normal cells from the cytotoxicity accompanied by ionizing radiation (IR). This non-targeted effect fol-lowing IR is alleviated via melatonin-mediated regulation of prostaglandins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and transcription factors . Additionally, melatonin has been proposed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of IR, suggesting that this hormone could be a potential radiosensitizer . The radiosensitization of breast cancer cells by mel-atonin is mediated through reduced cell proliferation, the facilitation of cell cycle ar-rest, downregulated DNA repair, and increased p53 mRNA levels .
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Femtosecond-Laser Assisted Surgery of Eye
Fs-laser technology is unique because it allows cutting tissue at very high precision inside the eye. Fs lasers are mainly used for surgery of the human cornea and lens. New areas of application in ophthalmology are on the horizon. The latest improvement is the high pulse frequency, low-energy concept; by enlarging the numerical aperture of the focusing optics, the pulse energy threshold for optical breakdown decreases, and cutting with practically no side effects is enabled.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Spray Drying for Direct Compression
Direct compression is a simple, quick and cost-effective drug manufacturing approaches of tableting.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is opening new therapeutic possibilities of fighting against COVID-19 by enabling new prevention, diagnosis, drug delivery, and treatment methods. Nanomedicine is known as the branch of medicine involved in preventing and curing various diseases using nanoscale materials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots, for various applications, including diagnosis, delivery, and sensing. In addition, nanomedicines have exhibited important features, such as efficient transport through fine capillary blood vessels and lymphatic endothelium, longer circulation duration and blood concentration, higher binding capacity to biomolecules such as endogenous compounds including proteins, higher accumulation in target tissues, reduced inflammatory or immune responses, and oxidative stress in tissues.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 May 2024
Topic Review
Post-SARS-CoV-2 Acute Telogen Effluvium
Telogen effluvium (TE) is a scalp disorder characterized by diffuse, non-scarring hair shedding. The term “telogen effluvium” was proposed to differentiate the disorder from the excessive shedding of normal club hair. It affects both males and females, with a higher incidence rate in females. Various hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of TE, based on abnormalities in the normal hair cycle, triggered by different factors. 
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Interferon Regulatory Factors in NAFLD and NASH
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), a family of transcription factors that regulate Interferon (IFN) expression, play important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. IRF-involved signaling pathways contribute to hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, and immune cell activation, such as macrophage polarization, playing critical roles in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. Treatments such as microRNAs, PPAR modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, and TLR agonists or antagonists that modulate IRF-mediated signaling pathways can ameliorate the progression of NAFLD to NASH. 
  • 1.8K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Einstein's Constant
Einstein's gravitational constant, denoted κ (kappa), is the constant appearing in the Einstein field equation which can be written: where Gαγ is the Einstein tensor and Tαγ is the stress–energy tensor. This equation relates to the curvature of spacetime, indicating that stress–energy is what causes the curvature of spacetime, thus gravitation. The constant κ is directly related to Newton's gravitational constant G: The above is for the stress–energy tensor in units of mass density (i.e., mass per volume). The units of Einstein's constant depends on how the stress–energy tensor is defined, so an alternative choice for T with units of energy density (i.e., energy per volume) yields
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Dan Sperber
Dan Sperber (born 20 June 1942 in Cagnes-sur-Mer) is a French social and cognitive scientist and philosopher. His most influential work has been in the fields of cognitive anthropology, linguistic pragmatics, psychology of reasoning, and philosophy of the social sciences. He has developed: an approach to cultural evolution known as the epidemiology of representations (or cultural attraction theo
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
White Mango Scale
The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Growth and Puberty in IBD
Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized also by retarded growth and delayed puberty. The underlying mechanism of these and other extra-intestinal manifestations are partially known: the main hypotheses are malnutrition and inflammatory response.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Endoscopic Ultrasound for Esophageal Varices
Esophageal varices are caused by the development of collateral circulation in the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension. It is important to administer appropriate preventive treatment because bleeding varices can be fatal. Esophageal varices have complex and diverse hemodynamics, and there are various variations for each case. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) can estimate the hemodynamics of each case. Therefore, observation by EUS in esophageal varices provides useful information, such as safe and effective treatment selection, prediction of recurrence, and appropriate follow-up after treatment. Although treatment for the esophagogastric varices can be performed without EUS imaging, understanding the local hemodynamics of the varices using EUS prior to treatment will lead to more safe and effective treatment. EUS observation is an indispensable tool for thorough variceal care.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
BTI in GaN MIS Transistors
Recent studies on bias-temperature instabilities (BTI) in D- and E-mode GaN transistors are reviewed here, focusing on BTI mechanisms in fully recess-gate E-mode GaN transistors.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Accurate Real-Time Weed Detection
This article discusses the possibility of accurately detecting the position of weeds in real-time in real conditions. Presented detailed recommendations for solving the problem with scene density, considered ways for increasing accuracy, and FPS.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Design of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Sense Calcium
Ca2+ is the most ubiquitous signaling molecule in the human body, regulating numerous biological functions including heartbeat, muscle contraction, neural function, cell development, and cell proliferation. Calcium dynamics result from fluxes in Ca2+ concentrations that vary in amplitude and duration, between intracellular compartments and between the intracellular and extracellular space and intracellular organelles. Calcium controls numerous biological processes by interacting with different classes of calcium binding proteins (CaBP’s), with different affinities, metal selectivities, kinetics, and calcium dependent conformational changes.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Participatory Politics
Participatory politics or parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen Shalom, professor of political science at William Paterson University in New Jersey. It was developed as a political vision to accompany participatory economics (parecon). Both parecon and parpolity together make up the libertarian socialist ideology of participism; this has significantly informed the International Organization for a Participatory Society. Shalom has stated that parpolity is meant as a long-range vision of where the social justice movement might want to end up within the field of politics. The values on which parpolity is based are freedom, self-management, justice, solidarity, and tolerance. The goal, according to Shalom, is to create a political system that will allow people to participate as much as possible in a face-to-face manner. The proposed decision-making principle is that every person should have say in a decision proportionate to the degree to which she or he is affected by that decision. The vision is critical of aspects of modern representative democracies arguing that the level of political control by the people is not sufficient. To address this problem parpolity suggests a system of "nested councils", which would include every adult member of a given society.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Meta-Communication in Digital Media
Meta-communication is formed in various social contexts, resulting in varying communication patterns among different groups. Empirical research on the social processes that form meta-communication in digital media is scarce due to the challenges in quantifying meta-communication. 
  • 1.8K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
List of Fictional Colors
Fictional colors are the imaginary perceptions of colors that do not exist for humans. They may include colors as perceived by fictional aliens, or colors that are imagined to be perceptible by humans under imaginary circumstances, based on real or imaginary electromagnetic radiation or imaginary alternate forms of radiation.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Autotaxin (ATX) in Breast Cancer
       This entry deals with the role of the secreted enzyme, autotaxin (ATX), in the progression of breast cancer. ATX produces lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors, promoting tumor growth, metastasis, immune evasion and survival from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many cancer cells produce ATX, but breast cancer cells express little ATX. Instead, in breast cancer, ATX is produced by tumor-associated stroma. Breast tumors are also surrounded by adipose tissue, which is a major bodily source of ATX. In mice, a high-fat human type diet increases ATX production in adipocytes. ATX production in obesity is also increased because of low-level inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. This increased ATX secretion and consequent LPA signaling is associated with decreased adiponectin production, which results in adverse metabolic profiles and glucose homeostasis. Increased ATX production by inflamed adipose tissue could contribute to the association between obesity and breast cancer. This would result from the cross talk between breast tumors and adjacent adipose tissue. Breast tumors produce inflammatory mediators that stimulate ATX transcription in adipocytes adjacent to the tumors. This drives a feedforward inflammatory cycle since increased LPA signaling increases the production of more inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and cyclooxygenase-2 resulting in more ATX secretion. This cycle is typical of a wound healing response, which in the case of cancers become maladaptive. Thus, inhibiting ATX activity derived from adipocytes and/or tumor stromal cells has implications as an adjuvant for breast cancer treatments by attenuating the inflammatory cycle. Targeting ATX activity and LPA signaling could potentially increase the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy independently of the breast cancer type because most ATX is not derived from breast cancer cells. Blocking ATX activity and LPA signaling could also decrease morbidity from radiation-induced fibrosis.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Perovskite Solar Cell
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have attracted tremendous attention as a key material in various optoelectronic devices. Distinctive optoelectronic properties, such as a tunable energy band position, long carrier diffusion lengths, and high charge carrier mobility, have allowed rapid progress in various perovskite-based optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers). Interestingly, the developments of each field are based on different characteristics of perovskite materials which are suitable for their own applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Microgrid Systems
A microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 May 2021
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